The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn s Social Commentary On...

Mark Twain’s Social Commentary on Slavery in Huckleberry Finn Huckleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain over seven years, is considered one of the best American masterpieces ever published, and a very socially active novel. Through the plot and development of the main characters, Twain discussed the paradox of slavery in a free country, as well as his abolitionist beliefs on slavery. Throughout his life, he witnessed slavery in the United States as a whole and its impact on his life, which was transferred to include slavery in this novel. Throughout the novel Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain discusses the paradox of slavery in a free country and expresses a clear social statement about the immorality of slavery. Slavery was predominant in the†¦show more content†¦It was as a result of these jobs that Twain began to form his abolitionist ideals (Twain was an advocate of slavery until he became a steamboat pilot and was exposed to free places and free people). Twain famously stated, â€Å"Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness...broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one s lifetime...†, in his novel â€Å"The Innocents Abroad,† which was published in 1869. â€Å"The Innocence Abroad† was a social commentary on his journey to the Holy Land, and the cultural changes he saw. Therefore, Twain witnessed slavery firsthand, and this enabled him to comment on the paradox of slavery in a free country. One way that Mark Twain made a social statement in Huckleberry Finn was through his description of the paradox of slavery in a free country. Huck Finn, a white child, is free, but Jim, a black man, is working, unpaid. This is the scenario in which ‘slavery in a free country’ is exemplified. America was a free country when the Declaration of Independence was signed†¦ â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are among the opening lines to the United States’ Declaration of Independence. Under this document, all people areShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn3099 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿HUCKLEBERRY FINN The adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the finest works of Mark Twain and probably the most controversial too. This is because it is by no means an ordinary story of Huckleberrys adventures; it is essentially a social commentary on the slavery and post civil war era in the United States. T. S. Eliot in 1950 acknowledged the book as,  ¦the only one of Mark Twains various books which can be called a masterpiece. I do not suggest that it is his only book of permanent interest;Read MoreChanging Views And The Changing Blues1657 Words   |  7 Pages Cameron- 4th Hour Honors American Literature 9 January 2015 The Changing Views and The Changing Blues Mark Twain himself had this to say about his novel: Huckleberry Finn is a book of mine about a boy with a sound heart and a deformed conscience that come into conflict...and conscience suffers defeat.† In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, his view of society starts out as naà ¯ve and childish, but as he experiences life on the Mississippi, he grows into a man with a realistic standpoint of whatRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s Works Made A Huge Impact On Readers And Literary Critics1288 Words   |  6 Pagesand realist time eras in American Literature. He has simple, seemingly artless narrators and an understated style leads readers to arrive at the social commentary of his narratives on their own. Mark Twain’s writing influenced society because he created a new perspective on life with the views pointed out in his books. The distinctive trait of Twain s was his sense of humor. His writings are almost always humorous and have an element of satire to them. Satire is when people point out the absurditiesRead MoreSatire : Satire And Satire1498 Words   |  6 PagesSatire, as defined by Google is the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. It seems to be especially prevalent in the current climate of America, from South Park to the Onion one never has to go far to get entertaining commentary on the social or political happenings of the day. Satire is not a new literary device and satirical works have been documented inRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn4280 Words   |  18 PagesNadeem Sbaiti Mrs. Greenlee HN ENG III 1, June 2015 Independent Novel Project The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Knowledge Significance Of Title The title The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn seems to be very self-explanatory of the significance hence the name. Furthermore after further review and thought I have realized there is a deeper meaning than just that of Huckleberry Finn. When the book first begins it is showing the start of the young boys band of robbers and it leads you to believe theRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead More Twain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road – The River and the Road3035 Words   |  13 PagesTwain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road – The River and the Road One element that separates a good novel from a great novel is its enduring effects on society. A great novel transcends time; it changes and mirrors the consciousness of a civilization. One such novel is Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For the past one hundred and fifteen years, it has remained in print and has been one of the most widely studied texts in high schools and colleges. According to Lionel TrillingRead MoreThe Cultural Values Of This Southern Antebellum Time2321 Words   |  10 Pages The word adventures conjures a feeling as though the story is simply about blithe and lighthearted experiences. To the contrary, this novel delves deeper into Huck’s moral development, morality, race, slavery and Southern society. Through the title, Twain outwits his audience into examining weighty issues through the eyes of a naà ¯ve thirteen-year-old boy. 2. This classic novel is set in St. Petersburg, Missouri, which lies on the banks of the Mississippi River. Huck s adventures whisk him throughRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2486 Words   |  10 Pagesworld. The literary establishment recognized him as one of the most influential writers in America since the publication of his masterpiece, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. At first glance, the novel appears quite innocently filled with wild escapades centered on two protagonists who embark on a journey together down the Mississippi River: Huckleberry Finn, an unruly young boy who breaks free from the confinement of his alcoholic father, and Jim, a black fugitive slave. Throughout their expeditionRead MoreHow Mark Twain Influenced American Literature1641 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature When you think of the start of American Literature, what comes to your mind? Authors such as Walt Whitman, Ernest Hemmingway, Emily Dickinson, Charles Dickens, and Mark Twain stick out in our minds. They were the face of post-civil war and social realism poetry. Today we will take a closer look at Mark Twain, who was also known as the â€Å"Father† of American Literature. His work has survived more than 100 years after his death. Mark Twain was born in 1835, as Samuel Clemens in the town of Florida

The Duties and Objectives of Elementary School Teachers

The primary role of a teacher is to deliver classroom instruction that helps students learn. To accomplish this, teachers must prepare effective lessons, grade student work and offer feedback, manage classroom materials, productively navigate the curriculum, and collaborate with other staff. But being a teacher involves much more than executing lesson plans. Teaching is a highly sophisticated profession that regularly extends beyond academics. In addition to ensuring that students experience academic success, teachers must also function as surrogate parents, mentors and counselors, and even almost-politicians. There is almost no limit to the roles a teacher may play. Teacher as Third Parents Elementary school teachers contribute tremendously to student development. A childs experiences in their formative years shape them into the person they will become and teachers help in no small way to discover who that will be. Because teachers are such a big part of their students lives, many develop almost parental relationships with them. Due to the sheer amount of time that school is in session, teachers are tasked with being positive role models and mentors to their students every day. Students learn so much more than math, language arts, and social studies from their teachers—they learn social skills like how to be kind to others and make friends, when to ask for help or be independent, how to distinguish between right and wrong, and other life lessons that parents tend to echo. In many cases, students learn these things from teachers first. The nuances of a teachers role as a semi-parent largely depend on the age of their students but almost all teachers learn to care deeply for their students and always want the best for them. Whether a student is close with their teacher or not, they probably respect and revere them much like they do their own parents or guardians and teachers probably treat them as they would their own children. In some cases, teachers may be a students only mentor. Teachers as Intermediaries Even though a teacher is often like a parent, that doesnt leave a childs real family out of the picture—teachers are only one part of a larger equation. Teaching demands almost daily communication with families about everything from academics to behavior. Some of the most common forms of parent-teacher interaction include: Parent-teacher conferencesProgress reportsWeekly newslettersEmails, texts, and callsIEP meetings On top of these standard practices, teachers must often explain their choices to parents and conciliate them when there is conflict. If a parent or guardian finds out about something going on in the classroom that they dont like, a teacher must be prepared to defend their choices and their students. They must make informed decisions about how to act in their students favor and then be able to justify these, always standing firm but hearing families out. Teachers are the middlemen between parents and their children in education and parents are easily frustrated when they dont understand how or why something is being taught. Teachers must keep families in the loop as much as possible to prevent this but also be ready if someone is displeased with their decisions. Teaching entails always championing what is best for students and explaining how practices are beneficial as needed. Teachers as Advocates A teachers role is ever-changing. While teachers were once issued curriculum materials with a clear set of instructions detailing exactly how to teach them, this was not an equitable or effective approach because it did not acknowledge student individuality or real-life application. Now, teaching is responsive—it evolves to fit the needs and demands of any political and cultural climate. A responsive teacher counsels their students to use the knowledge they learn in school to become valuable members of society. They advocate for being informed and productive citizens by educating about social justice and current events. Teachers must always be aware, ethical, equitable, and engaged. The modern teaching profession also (often) includes advocating for students on a political level. Many teachers: Work with politicians, colleagues, and community members to set clear and attainable standards for students.Participate in the decision making to deal with problems affecting students learning.Mentor new teachers to prepare them to teach the youth of their generation. A teachers work is far-reaching and critical—the world just wouldnt be the same without it. Sources Ryan, Mary, and Theresa Bourke. â€Å"The Teacher as Reflexive Professional: Making Visible the Excluded Discourse in Teacher Standards.†Ã‚  Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, vol. 34, no. 3, 24 Aug. 2012, pp. 411–423.  Taylor Francis Online.Taack Lanier, Judith. â€Å"Redefining the Role of the Teacher: Its a Multifaceted Profession.†Ã‚  Edutopia, George Lucas Educational Foundation, 1 July 1997.â€Å"What Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers Do.†Ã‚  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, United States Department of Labor, 4 Sept. 2019.

Influence Of Medieval Literature On Modern Films - 1169 Words

Clairerencia Hudson Mrs. Morris English 12- 6th period 1 December 2016 The Influence of Medieval Romantic Literature on Modern films Does medieval romantic literature influence how modern films are made? Romantic literature started during the mid-12th Century (â€Å"Romance,† par.1). Medieval romances are stories and plays in which kings, knights, and damsels in distress go on some sort of adventure (from Sir Gawain and the Green Knight from Morte d’ Arthur). In addition, medieval romances consist of heroic figures showing acts of chivalry. As the years have passed, medieval romance has been portrayed in numerous screenings and productions. The differences, similarities and stereotypic character traits displayed in the influence of medieval romantic literature on modern films are significant. Modern films are significantly influenced by the differences they have in contrast to medieval romantic literature. An example of the differences displayed in medieval romantic literature influencing modern film would be when Arthur â€Å"learns his illegitimate son, Mordred, has seized control of England† (Malory 185). This example shows the differences displayed in medieval romantic literature influencing modern film because in the story Le Morte d’ Arthur, Arthur was against Mordred, his illegitimate son, but in the film First Knight Arthur was against Malagant, â€Å"a dropout from the round table†. (Malory 189, Simon, par 13). Also, it shows how Mordred was looking to control England whereasShow MoreRelatedThe Star Wars Is A Myth1285 Words   |  6 PagesHero with a Thousand Faces. That changed everything. Sculpting his imaginary galaxy around the skeleton of Campbell’s monomyth thesis produced a set of films that took a generation by storm and still reverberates through popular culture. Star Wars doesn’t exactly fit in any film genre. It has action and romance, but it isn’t an action or a romance film. It isn’t sci-fi either, though for lack of a better classification it often gets put in the genre. Star Wars is a myth. It reveals itself in the openingRead MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pageselements of the gothic have continued to be both influential and inspirational throughout history. Within more modern contexts, the gothic works of many romantic poets—such as Keats and Coleridge—have influenced popular entertainment across the spectrum of creative media. The family of the Gothic is huge. The genre is more than the commonly associated novels, poems, and stories. Films, music, video games, opera, art, and comics are all belonging together within the same family. Each of these creativeRead MoreGothic Realism And The Vampire Sub Cultures1512 Words   |  7 Pagesromantic and young adult literature and in celluloid. Vampire graphic narratives are finding increased popularity and have since developed into an â€Å"Iconic popular culture phenomenon drawing an obsession and fascination globally†. (Jacqueline, Ng, 2014) So what inspired this new genre of graphic narrative? Ghouls, ghosts and terrifying monsters have been around since the days of old, but the roots of horror graphic narrative begins in the late 18th century with Gothic Literature. To many the word GothicRead MoreThe Origins Of The Gothic Culture1558 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent type of genre of music, art, literature, media, and fashion. Fashion in this culture encompasses both Victorian and punk styles. Typically they incorporate dark attire, pale face makeup, and black hair. A variety of sources were imitated for the use of the Goth subculture from the 80s. Some of them were contemporary while others were from centuries ago. Punk and glam music had heavy influences on the Goth culture. Mediums such as horror films, literature, vampire cults, and traditional mythologyRead More Don Quixote Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagescentenary of the first publication of Don Quixote. Hailed as the first modern novel in world literature it has been translated into more than 60 languages and at the same time, owing to their widespread representation in art, drama, and film, the figures of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza are probably familiar visually to more people than any other imaginary characters in world literature. Don Quixote has had a tremendous influence on the development of prose fiction. The book depicts the story ofRead MoreSci Fi (Science Fiction) and Fantasy Essay849 Words   |  4 Pagesbe a bright idea of humanity overcoming their selfishness and living in harmony in the future, on the other hand, it could also be a warning of sorts. Some books and films take place in a dark future where mankind has almost completely destroyed itself. Either way can inspire the reader or viewer. Many ancient and medieval poetry and writings have elements of sci-fi/fantasy in them such as trips to the stars or under the ocean. Mythology, even, can be seen as a form of fantasy. Many ancientRead MoreThe Satanic Verses By Salman Rushdie973 Words   |  4 PagesSalman Rushdie is a passionate novelist and essayist known for his magical realism, who expresses his beliefs and influences through his works. Rushdie has frequently described himself as a â€Å"historian of ideas,† and many of his novels are â€Å"novels of ideas† rather than narrations centered on a plot or character. 1 Furthermore, Rushdie’s pessimistic views of religion are seen in his writings, from The Satanic Verses to recent essays like, Out of Kansas. I will also discuss the fatwa’ calling for hisRead MoreCharacteristics of Drama1660 Words   |  7 Pagesparadoxical relationship between humans and the cosmos, in which people are made answerable for their acts, yet recognize that these acts are determined by the gods. Medieval Drama Medieval drama, when it emerged hundreds of years later, was a new creation rather than a rebirth, the drama of earlier times having had almost no influence on it. The reason for this creation came from a quarter that had traditionally opposed any form of theater: the Christian church. In the Easter service, and later inRead MoreGraphic In Comic Books And Graphic Novelsbram1158 Words   |  5 Pagesnarrative? Ghouls, ghostsand terrifying monsters have been around since the days of old, but the roots of horror graphic narrative begins in the late 18thcenturywithGothic Literature. To many the word Gothic suggeststhe supernatural, the sinister. To others it’s an erotic charged nightmare; a representation of undisclosedhuman desire. The term, Gothic, Read MoreMacbeth vs Scotland, PA Essay example2332 Words   |  10 Pagesinterpretations of ancient works, whether they are plays, folktales, or poems, permeate around the world. These renditions re-tell the original stories in contexts that adjust to modern world. What was regarded serious in the past becomes mockery nowadays. William Shakespeare, one of the greatest English play writers, has a profound influence upon different societies globally since the fifteenth century, for his plays inspire many contemporary artists to present new scopes reflecting their societies. Considered

Maternal Depression And Its Impact On Infant Health

Stephanie Norman 10/31/2016 Maternal Depression and its’ Impact on Infant Health â€Å"Maternal Depression† is a term that includes a range of depressive conditions, which impact mothers while pregnant and up to 12 months after delivery (NIHCM). Such depressive conditions include prenatal depression, postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis (NIHCM). In this paper, current literature that examines both prenatal depression and postpartum depression in relation to infant health will be reviewed. Prenatal depression includes depressive episodes starting during pregnancy and lasting from six months to one year after delivery (NIHCM). The symptoms of prenatal depression are similar to those of major depression and those of postpartum depression (NIHCM). Postpartum depression occurs after the baby is born, usually within the first 2-3 months postpartum, yet onset can be immediate, and may last up to one year after delivery (NIHCM) (Health.gov). It is estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that one out of eight women suffer from po stpartum depression (CDC). Symptoms of postpartum depression include â€Å"feeling disconnected from the baby, worrying that you will hurt the baby, and doubting your ability to care for the baby† (CDC). Most people who experience maternal depression, even those with severe forms, are able to improve with treatment (CDC). The relationship between maternal depression and its’ impact on infant health has been studied extensivelyShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Countries Are Plagued By Poor Maternal, Infant And Child Health Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesDeveloping countries are plagued by issues of poor maternal, infant and child health (WHO 2011). Approximately 358000 women die during pregnancy and 7.6 million children under five years of age die annually, worldwide (WHO 2011). Adequate maternal health and nutrition are imperative for child survival (WHO 2011). Maternal, perinatal and under-five mortality is still considerably high in South Africa [Department of Health ( DOH) 2012]. This is despite efforts to achieve the Millennium DevelopmentRead MoreMaternal Depression Case Study1431 Words   |  6 Pageschildren by examining the genetic impacts on Latino preschool children, who have been exposed to maternal depression. Utilizing genomic DNA samples from 108 four-year-old children and 92 five-year-old children and their mothers, Wojcicki et al. (2015) examines the telomere length within these children. Shorter telomere length has been linked to health conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity in adults, so determining early-life risk factors can improve the health trajectories of many childrenRead MoreDeveloping Countries Are Plagued By Issues Of Poor Maternal, Infant And Child Health Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesRelevance of study Developing countries are plagued by issues of poor maternal, infant and child health (WHO 2011). Approximately 358000 women die during pregnancy and 7.6 million children under five years of age die annually, worldwide (WHO 2011). Adequate maternal health and nutrition are imperative for child survival (WHO 2011). Maternal, perinatal and under-five mortality is still considerably high in South Africa [Department of Health (DOH) 2012]. This is despite efforts to achieve the MillenniumRead MoreEffects of Postpartum Depression on Child Bearing and Rearing Family1357 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Postpartum Depression on Child Bearing and Rearing Family Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major event occurring in eight to fifteen percent of the woman population after delivering their child (Glavin, Smith, Sà ¸rum Ellefsen, 2010). The symptoms and causes of PPD are similar to depression symptoms in other periods of life (Glavin et al., 2010). These symptoms may include feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, loss of interest in daily activities, sleep changes, anger or irritabilityRead MoreThe Role Of Maternal Role Attainment Theory911 Words   |  4 PagesRamona Mercer developed the Maternal Role Attainment Theory where she identified the four stages of role attainment to better clarify her theory (Noseff, 2014). The four stages include: before pregnancy, formal stage, informal stage, and lastly maternal identity (Noseff, 2014). Before a woman becomes pregnant she will undergo a mind changing perception for her future role (Noseff, 2014). The formal stage occurs after the baby is born and the mother mimics mothering skills taught to by the healthcareRead MoreGuaranteed Paid On The United States Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pages22, 2016 Guaranteed Paid Maternal Leave in the United States Today there are two countries in the world that do not currently guarantee paid maternity leave for employed new mothers and/or expecting mothers, those countries are the United States and Papua New Guinea, according to the International Labour Organization, an United Nations agency, which recommends a minimum 18 week maternity leave (Rubin 2016, p.1). In recent years, the controversial issue of guaranteed maternal leave has been a prominentRead MoreThe Effect Of A Mood Disorder On Maternal Behavioral Outcomes1172 Words   |  5 Pagesbirth of a baby can provoke a lot of emotions. Mothers particularly can have a range of emotions, including depression. Many mothers experience postpartum â€Å"baby blues†. Baby blues include symptoms of crying, anxiety, mood swings, and problems sleeping for about two weeks (Postpartum, n.d.). However, postpartum depression (PPD) is more severe and long-term. Mothers with postpartum depression experience similar symptoms of baby blues, however these symptoms are more intense and extreme. This disorderRead MorePostnatal Depression Is A Clinical Depression That Lasts1329 Words   |  6 PagesPostnatal depression is a clinical depression that lasts for about a month (Sigelman Rider, 2015) and symptoms of postnatal depression include parents being irritable, lethargic, tired, insensitive and generally distant towards their children (Field, 2010; Liu et al., 2016; Ramchandani, Stein, Evans, O’Connor ALSPAC study team, 2005; Wachs, Black Engle, 2009). Prenatal depression can also be a sign that the mother will experience postnatal depression (Parsons, Young, Rochat, Kringelbacht Read MoreThe Effects Of Maternal Postpartum Depression On The Language Development Of Children Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article â€Å"The impact of maternal postpartum depression on the language development of children at 12 months†, the authors, Quevedo, Silva, Godoy, Jansen, Matos, Tavares Pinheiro and Pinheiro, studie d the relationship between some factors related to maternal depression during the first year of a child’s life and the child’s language development process (Quevedo et al.,2011). They hypothesized that a child whose mother presented maternal depression would have a lower performance than a childRead MoreThe Problem Of Poor Birth Outcomes1680 Words   |  7 Pagesthey comprised 27% of pediatric stays and 47% of all infant hospitalization (Russell et al., 2007). When considering total cost, such as long-term expense of special education service and lost productivity, preterm birth is estimated to be $26.2 billion dollars (Behrman Butler, 2007). In order to lessen the cost of poor birth outcomes, the U.S. healthcare system should begin to incorporate aspects of preventative care at the level of maternal health. Current System of Neonatal Interventions Rather

Deviance. Topic Questions Free Essays

string(71) " necessarily involve men being particularly nasty to individual women\." University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Arts – Papers Faculty of Arts 1993 What Is Hegemonic Masculinity? Mike Donaldson University of Wollongong, miked@uow. edu. au Publication Details Donaldson, M, What Is Hegemonic Masculinity? , Theory and Society, Special Issue: Masculinities, October 1993, 22(5), 643-657. We will write a custom essay sample on Deviance. Topic Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Copyright 1993 Springer. The original publication is available here at www. springerlink. com. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: research-pubs@uow. edu. au Theory and Society, Vol. 22, No. 5, Special Issue: Masculinities, Oct. , 1993, pp. 643-657. What Is Hegemonic Masculinity? Mike Donaldson Sociology, University of Wollongong, Australia Structures of oppression, forces for change A developing debate within the growing theoretical literature on men and masculinity concerns the relationship of gender systems to the social formation. Crucially at issue is the question of the autonomy of the gender order. Some, in particular Waters, are of the opinion that change in masculine gender systems historically has been caused exogenously and that, without those external factors, the systems would stably reproduce. 1) For Hochschild, the â€Å"motor† of this social change is the economy, particularly and currently, the decline in the purchasing power of the male wage, the decline in the number and proportion of â€Å"male† skilled and unskilled jobs, and the rise in â€Å"female† jobs in the growing services sector. (2) I have argued that gender relations thems elves are bisected by class relations and vice-versa, and that the salient moment for analysis is the relation between the two. (3) On the other side of the argument, others have been trying to establish â€Å"the laws of motion† of gender systems. Connell, for instance, has insisted on the independence of their structures, patterns of movement. and determinations, most notably in his devastating critiques of sexrole theory. â€Å"Change is always something that happens to sex roles, that impinges on them. It comes from outside, as in discussions of how technological and economic changes demand a shift to a ‘modern’ male role for men. Or it comes from inside the person, from the ‘real self’ that protests against the artificial restrictions of constraining roles. Sex role theory has no way of grasping change as a dialectic arising within gender relations themselves. † It has no way of grasping social dynamics that can only be seriously considered when the historicity of the structure of gender relations, the gender order of the society, is the point of departure. (4) This concern with broad, historical movement is linked to the question of male sexual politics. Clearly, if men wish to challenge patriarchy and win, the central question must be, who and where are the â€Å"army of redressers? (5) But â€Å"the political project of rooting out the sexism in masculinity has proved intensely difficult† because â€Å"the difficulty of constructing a movement of men to dismantle hegemonic masculinity is that its logic is not the articulation of collective interest but the attempt to dismantle that interest. (6) It is this concept of â€Å"hegemonic masculinity† on which the argument for autonomy of the gender structures turns, for it is this that links their broader historical sweep to lived experience. Put simply, if the gender system has an independence of structure, movement, and determinations, then we should be able to identify counter-hegemonic forces within it; if these are not identifiable, then we must question the autonomy of the gender system and the existence of hegemonic masculinity as central and specific to it. On the other hand, if gender systems are not autonomous, then the question â€Å"why, in specific social formations, do certain ways of being male predominate, and particular sorts of men rule? † remains to be answered and the resistances to that order still remain to be identified. The political implications of the issue are clear. If there is an independent structure of masculinity, then it should produce counter-hegemonic movements of men, and all good blokes should get involved in them. If the structure is not independent, or the movements not counterhegemonic, or the counter-hegemony not moving, then political practice will not be centred on masculinity †¦ and what do we men do then, about the masculine images in and through which we have shaped a world so cruel to most of its inhabitants? Hegemony and masculinity Twenty years ago, Patricia Sexton suggested that â€Å"male norms stress values such as courage, inner direction, certain forms of aggression, autonomy. mastery, technological skill, group solidarity, adventure and considerable amounts of toughness in mind and body. † (7) It is only relatively recently that social scientists have sought to link that insight with the concept of hegemony, a notion as slippery and difficult as the idea of masculinity itself. Hegemony, a pivotal concept in Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks and his most significant contribution to Marxist thinking, is about the winning and holding of power and the formation (and destruction) of social groups in that process. In this sense, it is importantly about the ways in which the ruling class establishes and maintains its domination. The ability to impose a definition of the situation, to set the terms in which events are understood and issues discussed, to formulate ideals and define morality is an essential part of this process. Hegemony involves persuasion of the greater part of the population, particularly through the media, and the organization of social institutions in ways that appear â€Å"natural,† â€Å"ordinary:’ â€Å"normal. † The state, through punishment for non-conformity, is crucially involved in this negotiation and enforcement. (8) Heterosexuality and homophobia are the bedrock of hegemonic masculinity and any understanding of its nature and meaning is predicated on the feminist insight that in general the relationship of men to women is oppressive. Indeed, the term â€Å"hegemonic masculinity† was invented and is used primarily to maintain this central focus in the critique of masculinity. A fundamental element of hegemonic masculinity. then. is that women exist as potential sexual objects for men while men are negated as sexual objects for men. Women provide heterosexual men with sexual validation, and men compete with each other for this. This does not necessarily involve men being particularly nasty to individual women. You read "Deviance. Topic Questions" in category "Essay examples" Women may feel as oppressed by non-hegemonic masculinities, may even find some expressions of the hegemonic pattern more familiar and manageable. (9) More than fifty books have appeared in the English language in the last decade or so on men and masculinity. What is hegemonic masculinity as it is presented in this growing literature? Hegemonic masculinity, particularly as it appears in the works of Carrigan, Connell, and Lee. Chapman, Cockburn, Connell, Lichterman, Messner, and Rutherford, involves a specific strategy for the subordination of women. In their view, hegemonic masculinity concerns the dread of and the flight from women. A culturally idealized form, it is both a personal and a collective project, and is the common sense about breadwinning and manhood. It is exclusive, anxiety-provoking, internally and hierarchically differentiated, brutal, and violent. It is pseudo-natural, tough, contradictory, crisis-prone, rich, and socially sustained. While centrally connected with the institutions of male dominance, not all men practice it. though most benefit from it. Although cross-class. it often excludes workingclass and black men. It is a lived experience, and an economic and cultural force, and dependent on social arrangements. It is constructed through difficult negotiation over a life-time. Fragile it may be, but it constructs the most dangerous things we live with. Resilient, it incorporates its own critiques, but it is, nonetheless, â€Å"unravelling. † (10) What can men do with it? According to the authors cited above, and others, hegemonic masculinity can be analyzed, distanced from, appropriated, negated, challenged, reproduced, separated from, renounced, given up, chosen, constructed with difficulty, confirmed, imposed, departed from, and modernized. (But not, apparently, enjoyed. ) What can it do to men? It can fascinate, undermine, appropriate some men’s bodies, organize, impose, pass itself off as natural, deform, harm, and deny. But not, seemingly, enrich and satisfy. ) Which groups are most active in the making of masculinist sexual ideology? It is true that the New Right and fascism are vigorously constructing aggressive, dominant, and violent models of masculinity. But generally, the most influential agents are considered to be: priests, journalists, advertisers, politicians, psychiatrists, designers, playwrights, film makers, actors, novelists, musicians, activists, academics, coaches, and sportsmen. They are the â€Å"weavers of the fabric of hegemony† as Gramsci put it, its â€Å"organizing intellectuals. These people regulate and manage gender regimes: articulate experiences, fantasies, and perspectives; reflect on and interpret gender relations. (11) The cultural ideals these regulators and managers create and perpetuate. we are told, need not correspond at all closely to the actual personalities of the majority of men (not even to their own! ). The ideals may reside in fantasy figures or models remote from the lives of the unheroic majority, but while they are very public, they do not exist only as publicity. The public face of hegemonic masculinity, the argument goes. is not necessarily even what powerful men are, but is what sustains their power, and is what large numbers of men are motivated to support because it benefits them. What most men support is not necessarily what they are. â€Å"Hegemonic masculinity is naturalised in the form of the hero and presented through forms that revolve around heroes: sagas, ballads, westerns, thrillers,† in books, films, television, and in -sporting events. (12) What in the early literature had been written of as â€Å"the male sex ole† is best seen as hegemonic masculinity, the â€Å"culturally idealised form of masculine character† which, however, may not be â€Å"the usual form of masculinity at all. † To say that a particular form of masculinity is hegemonic means â€Å"that its exaltation stabilizes a structure of dominance and oppression in the gender order as a whole. To be culturally exalted, the pattern of mascu linity must have exemplars who are celebrated as heroes. † (13) But when we examine these bearers of hegemonic masculinity, they seem scarcely up to the task, with more than just feet of clay. A football star is a model of hegemonic masculinity. (14) But is a model? When the handsome Australian Rules football player, Warwick â€Å"the tightest shorts in sports† Capper, combined football with modelling, does this confirm or decrease his exemplary status? When Wally (â€Å"the King†) Lewis explained that the price he will pay for another five years playing in the professional Rugby League is the surgical replacement of both his knees, this is undoubtedly the stuff of good, old, tried and true, tough and stoic, masculinity. But how powerful is a man who mutilates his body, almost as a matter of course, merely because of a job? When Lewis announced that he was quitting the very prestigious â€Å"State of Origin† football series because his year-old daughter had been diagnosed as hearing-impaired, is this hegemonic? In Australian surfing champion, iron man Steve Donoghue, Connell has found â€Å"an exemplar of masculinity† who lives â€Å"an exemplary version of hegemonic masculinity. † But, says Donoghue, â€Å"I have loved the idea of not having to work †¦. Five hours a day is still a lot but it is something that I enjoy that people are not telling me what to do. † This is not the right stuff. Nor are hegemonic men supposed to admit to strangers that their life is â€Å"like being in jail. † Connell reveals further contradictions when he explains that â€Å"Steve, the exemplar of masculine toughness, finds his own exemplary status prevents him from doing exactly what his peer group defines as thoroughly masculine behaviour: going wild, showing off, drunk driving, getting into fights, defending his own prestige. This is not power. And when we look to see why many young men take up sport we find they are driven by â€Å"the hunger for affiliation† in the words of Hammond and Jablow; we see the felt need for â€Å"connectedness† and closeness. How hegemonic is this? (15) Homosexuality and counter-hegemony Let us, however, pursue the argument by turning now to examine those purported counter-hegemonic forces that are supposedly generated by the gender system itself. There are three main reasons why male homosexuality is regarded as counter-hegemonic. Firstly, hostility to homo- exuality is seen as fundamental to male heterosexuality; secondly, homosexuality is associated with effeminacy; and thirdly, the form of homosexual pleasure is itself considered subversive. (16) Antagonism to gay men is a standard feature of hegemonic masculinity in Australia. Such hostility is inherent in the construction of heterosexual masculinity itself. Conformity to the demands of hegemonic masculinity, pushes heterosexual men to homophobia and rewards them for it, in the form of social support and reduced anxiety about their own manliness. In other words, male heterosexual identity is sustained and affirmed by hatred for, and fear of, gay men. (17) Although homosexuality was compatible with hegemonic masculinity in other times and places, this was not true in post-invasion Australia. The most obvious characteristic of Australian male homosexuals, according to Johnston and Johnston, has been a â€Å"double deviance. † It has been and is a constant struggle to attain the goals set by hegemonic masculinity, and some men challenge this rigidity by acknowledging their own â€Å"effeminacy. This rejection and affirmation assisted in changing homosexuality from being an aberrant (and widespread) sexual practice, into an identity when the homosexual and lesbian subcultures reversed the hegemonic gender roles, mirror-like, for each sex. Concomitantly or consequently, homosexual men were socially defined as effeminate and any kind of powerlessness, or a refusal to compete, â€Å"readily becomes involved in the imagery o f homosexuality† (18) While being subverted in this fashion, hegemonic masculinity is also threatened by the assertion of a homosexual identity confident that homosexuals are able to give each other sexual pleasure. According to Connell, the inherent egalitarianism in gay relationships that exists because of this transitive structure (my lover’s lover can also be my lover), challenges the hierarchical and oppressive nature of male heterosexuality. (19) However, over time, the connection between homosexuality and effeminacy has broken. The â€Å"flight from masculinity† evident in male homosexuality, noted thirty years ago by Helen Hacker, may be true no longer, as forms of homosexual behaviour seem to require an exaggeration of some aspects of hegemonic masculinity, notably the cult of oughness and physical aggression. If hegemonic masculinity necessarily involves aggression and physical dominance, as has been suggested, then the affirmation of gay sexuality need not imply support for women’s liberation at all, as the chequered experience of women in the gay movement attests. (20) More than a decade ago, Australian lesbians had noted, â€Å"We make the mistake of assuming t hat lesbianism, in itself, is a radical position. This had led us, in the past, to support a whole range of events, ventures, political perspectives, etc. ust because it is lesbians who hold those beliefs or are doing things. It is as ludicrous as believing that every working class person is a communist. † (21) Even though there are many reasons to think that there are important differences in the expression and construction of women’s homosexuality and men’s homosexuality, perhaps there is something to be learned from this. Finally, it is not â€Å"gayness† that is attractive to homosexual men, but â€Å"maleness. † A man is lusted after not because he is homosexual but because he’s a man. How counter-hegemonic can this be? Changing men, gender segmentation and paid and unpaid work Connell notes, â€Å"Two possible ways of working for the ending of patriarchy which move beyond guilt, fixing your head and heart, and blaming men, are to challenge gender segmentation in paid work and to work in men’s counter-sexist groups. Particularly, though, countersexist politics need to move beyond the small consciousness raising group to operate in the workplace, unions and the state. † (22) It is hard to imagine men challenging gender segmentation in paid work by voluntarily dropping a third of their wage packet. But it does happen, although perhaps the increasing trickle of men into women’s jobs may have more to do with the prodding of a certain invisible finger. Lichterman has suggested that more political elements of the â€Å"men’s movement† contain human service workers, students, parttimers. and â€Å"odd-jobbers. † Those in paid work, work in over-whelmingly female occupations -counselling, nursing, and elementary teaching are mentioned. In this sense, their position in the labour market has made them â€Å"predisposed to criticise hegemonic masculinity, the common sense about breadwinning and manhood. It can also be seen as a defence against the loss of these things, as men attempt to colonize women’s occupations in a job market that is increasingly competitive, particularly for men’s jobs.? (23) If we broaden the focus on the desegmentation of paid work to include unpaid work, more interesting things occur. While Connell has suggested that h egemonic masculinity is confirmed in fatherhood, the practice of parenting by men actually seems to undermine it. Most men have an exceptionally impoverished idea about what fatherhood involves, and indeed, active parenting doesn’t even enter into the idea of manhood at all. Notions of fathering that are acceptable to men concern the exercise of impartial discipline, from an emotional distance and removed from favouritism and partiality. In hegemonic masculinity, fathers do not have the capacity or the skill or the need to care for children, especially for babies and infants, while the relationship between female parents and young children is seen as crucial. Nurturant and care-giving behaviour is simply not manly. Children, in turn, tend to have more abstract and impersonal relations with their fathers. The problem is severely compounded for divorced fathers, most of whom have extremely little emotional contact with their children. (24) As Messner has explained, â€Å"while the man is ‘out there’ establishing his .name’ in public, the woman is usually home caring for the day-to-day and moment-to-moment needs of her family †¦. Tragically, only in mid- life, when the children have already ‘left the nest’ †¦ do some men discover the importance of connection and intimacy. † (25) Nonetheless, of the little time that men spend in unpaid work, proportionally more of it goes now into child care. Russell has begun to explore the possibility that greater participation by men in parenting has led to substantial shifts in their ideas of masculinity. The reverse is probably true too. Hochschild found in her study that men who shared care with their partners rejected their own â€Å"detached, absent and overbearing† fathers. The number of men primarily responsible for parenting has grown dramatically in Australia, increasing five-fold between 1981 and 1990. The number of families with dependent children in which the man was not in paid work but the woman was, rose from 16,200 in 1981 to 88,100 in 1990. Women, however, still outnumber men in this position ten to one. (26) Not only a man’s instrumental relations with others are challenged by close parenting, but so are his instrumental relations with himself. Men’s sense of themselves is threatened by intimacy. Discovering the affection, autonomy, and agency of babies and children, disconcerted by an unusual inability to cope, men are compelled to re-evaluate their attitude to themselves. In Russell’s study, the fathers who provided primary child care â€Å"constantly marvelled at and welcomed the changes that had taken place in their relationships with their children. (27) Even Neville Wran, the former premier of the Australian state of New South Wales whose most renowned political activity was â€Å"putting the blowtorch to the belly† of political opponents. said of fatherhood, which occurred in his sixties, â€Å"It’s making me a more patient, tolerant, understanding human being. I’m a r eal marshmallow. † (28) The men who come to full-time fathering do not, however, regard themselves as unmanly, even though their experiences have resulted in major shifts in their ideas about children, child care, and women. In fact, one quarter of them considered these changes a major gain from their parenting work. This was despite the fact that these men’s male friends and workmates were highly critical of their abandonment of the breadwinner role, describing them, for instance, as being â€Å"bludgers,† â€Å"a bit funny,† â€Å"a bit of a woman,† and â€Å"under the thumb. † (29) This stigmatism may be receding as the possibility of securing the children’s future, once part of the father’s responsibility in his relations with the â€Å"public sphere,† is becoming less and less possible as unemployment bites deeper. 30) Child-minders and day-care workers have confirmed that the children of active fathers were â€Å"more secure† and â€Å"less anxious† than the children of non-active fathers. Psychological studies have revealed them to be better developed socially and intellectually. Furthermore, the results of active fatherhood see m to last. There is considerable evidence to suggest that greater interaction with fathers is better for children, with the sons and daughters of active fathers displaying lower levels of sex-role stereotyping. (31) Men who share the second shift had a happier family life and more harmonious marriages. In a longitudinal study, Defrain found that parents reported that they were happier and their relationships improved as a result of shared parenting. In an American study, househusbands felt positive about their increased contribution to the family-household, paid work became less central to their definition of themselves, and they noted an improvement in their relationships with their female partners. (32) One of the substantial bases for metamorphosis for Connell’s six changing heterosexual men in the environmental movement as the learning of domestic labour, which involves â€Å"giving to people, looking after people. † In the same sense that feminism â€Å"claimed emotional life as a source of dignity and self respect,† active fathers are challenging hegemonic masculinity. For hegemonic masculinity, real work is elsewhere, and relationships don’t require energy, but provide it. (33) There is also the question of time. The time spent establishing the in timacy that a man may crave is also time away from establishing and maintaining the â€Å"competitive edge,† or the â€Å"public face. There are no prizes for being a good father, not even when being one is defined narrowly in terms of breadwinning. (34) Social struggles over time are intimate with class and gender. It is not only that the rich and powerful are paid handsomely for the time they sell, have more disposable time, more free time, more control over how they use their time, but the gender dimensions of time use within classes are equally compelling. No one performs less unpaid work, and receives greater remuneration for time spent in paid work, than a male of the ruling class. The changes that are occurring remain uncertain, and there is, of course, a sting in the tail. Madison Avenue has found that â€Å"emotional lability and soft receptivity to what’s new and exciting† are more appropriate to a consumer-orientated society than â€Å"hardness and emotional distance. † Past television commercials tended to portray men as Marlboro macho or as idiots, but contemporary viewers see men cooking, feeding babies, and shopping. Insiders in the advertising industry say that the quick and easy cooking sections of magazines and newspapers are as much to attract male readers as overworked women. U. S. Sports Illustrated now carries advertisements for coffee, cereal, deodorants, and soup. According to Judith Langer, whose market-research firm services A. T. T. , Gillette. and Pepsico among others, it is now â€Å"acceptably masculine to care about one’s house. (35) The â€Å"new man† that comes at us through the media seems to reinforce the social order without challenging it. And he brings with him, too, a new con for women. In their increasing assumption of breadwinning, femocratic and skilled worker occupations, the line goes, women render themselves incomplete. They must -‘give up† their femininity in their appropriation of male jobs and power, but men who embrace the feminine become â€Å"more complete. † (36) And if that isn’t tricky enough, the â€Å"new men† that seem to be emerging are simply unattractive. Indeed, they’re boring. Connell’s six changing heterosexual men in the environmental movement were attracted to women who were â€Å"strong, independent, active. (37) Isn’t everybody attracted by these qualities? Gay men find â€Å"new men† irritating and new men are not too sure how keen they should be on each other, and no feminist worth her salt would be seen dead with one. The ruling class: Really real men? If the significance of the concept of hegemonic masculinity is that it directs us to look for the contradictions within an autonomous gender system that will cause its transformation, then we must conclude it has failed. The challenges to hegemonic masculinity identified by its theorists and outlined above seem either to be complicit with, or broader than, the gender system that has apparently generated them. I can appreciate why Connell is practically interested in and theoretically intrigued by arguing against the notion of the externality of gender change. Both experience and theory show the impossibility of liberating a dominant group and the difficulty of constructing a movement based not on the shared interest of a group but on the attempt to dismantle that interest. † (38) (My emphasis). The key is the phrase â€Å"constructing a movement. † It is only a system which has its own dynamics that can produce the social forces necessa ry to change radically that system. But Connell himself has written that gender is part of the relations of production and has always been so. And similarly, that â€Å"social science cannot understand the state, the political economy of advanced capitalism. the nature of class, the process of modernisation or the nature of imperialism, the process of socialisation, the structure of consciousness or the politics of knowledge, without a full-blooded analysis of gender. † (39) There is nothing outside gender. To be involved in social relations is to be inextricably â€Å"inside† gender. If everything, in this sense, is within gender, why should we be worried about the exteriority of the forces for social change? Politics, economics, technology are gendered. â€Å"We have seen the invisible hand;’ someone wittier than I remarked, â€Å"It is white, hairy and manicured. † Is there, then, some place we can locate exemplars of hegemonic masculinity that are less fractured, more coherent, and thus easier to read? Where its central and defining features can be seen in sharper relief? If the public face of hegemonic masculinity is not necessarily even what powerful men are, then what are they necessarily? Why is it â€Å"no mean feat to produce the kind of people who can actually operate a capitalist system? (40) Even though the concept â€Å"hegemony† is rooted in concern with class domination, systematic knowledge of ruling class masculinity is slight as yet, but it is certainly intriguing. One aspect of ruling class hegemonic masculinity is the belief that women don’t count in big matters, and that they can be dealt with by jocular patronage in little matters. Anoth er is in defining what â€Å"big† and â€Å"little† are. Sexual politics are simply not a problem to men of the ruling class. Senior executives couldn’t function as bosses without the patriarchal household. The exercise of this form of power requires quite special conditions – conventional femininity and domestic subordination. Two-thirds of male top executives were married to housewives. The qualities of intelligence and the capacity for hard work which these women bring to marriage are matched, as friends of Anita Keating, the wife of the Prime Minister of Australia, remarked, by â€Å"intense devotion †¦ her husband and her children are her life. † Colleen Fahey, the wife of the premier of New South Wales, had completed an 18-month part-time horticulture course at her local technical college, and she wanted to continue her studies full-time. But my husband wouldn’t let met,† she said. â€Å"He said that he didn’t think it was right for a mother to have a job when she had a 13-year-old child †¦ I think if I’d put my foot down and said I’d really wanted a career, he’d have said, ‘You’re a rotten mother leavi ng those kids. † (41) The case for this sort of behaviour is simply not as compelling for working-class men, the mothers and the wives of most of whom undertake paid work as a matter of course. Success itself can amplify this need for total devotion, while lessening the chances of its fulfilment outside of the domestic realm. For the successful are likely to have difficulty establishing intimate and lasting friendships with other males because of low self-disclosure, homophobia, and cut-throat competition. The corporate world expects men to divulge little of their personal lives and to restrain personal feelings, especially affectionate ones, towards their colleagues while cultivating a certain bland affability. Within the corporate structure, â€Å"success is achieved through individual competition rather than dyadic or group bonding. The distinction between home and work is crucial and carefully maintained. For men in the corporation, friends have their place outside work. (42) While William Shawcross, the biographer of media mogul Rupert Murdoch, found him â€Å"courageous† and â€Å"charming,† others close to Murdoch described him as â€Å"arrogant,† â€Å"cocky,† â€Å"insensitive, verging on dangerous,† â€Å"utterly ruthless,† and an â€Å"efficient Visig oth. † Murdoch himself described his life as â€Å"consisting of a series of interlocking wars. Shawcross also found that Murdoch possessed â€Å"an instinctive feel for money and power and how to use them both;’ had a â€Å"relentless, unceasing drive and energy,† worked â€Å"harder and more determinedly† than anybody else, was â€Å"sure that what he was doing was correct†, â€Å"believed that he had become invincible†, and was driven by the desire â€Å"to win at all costs. † (43) And how must it feel to know that you can have whatever you want, and that throughout your life you will be looked after in every way, even to the point of never having to dress and undress yourself? Thus the view that hegemonic masculinity is hegemonic insofar as it succeeds in relation to women is true, but partial. Competitiveness, a combination of the calculative and the combative, is institutionalised in business and is central to hegemonic masculinity. The enterprise of winning is life-consuming, and this form of competitiveness is â€Å"an inward turned competitiveness, focussed on the self,† creating, in fact, an instrumentality of the personal. (44) Hegemonic masculinity is â€Å"a question of how particular groups of men inhabit positions of power and wealth, and how they legitimate and reproduce the social relationships that generate their dominance. † (45) Through hegemonic masculinity most men benefit from the control of women. For a very few men, it delivers control of other men. To put it another way, the crucial difference between hegemonic masculinity and other masculinities is not the control of women, but the control of men and the representation of this as â€Å"universal social advancement,† to paraphrase Gramsci. Patriarchal capitalism delivers the sense, before a man of whatever masculinity even climbs out of bed in the morning, that he is â€Å"better† than half of humankind. But what is the nature of the masculinity confirming not only that, but also delivering power over most men as well? And what are its attractions? A sociology of rulingclass men is long overdue. Footnotes 1. M. Waters. â€Å"Patriarchy and Viriarchy: An Exploration and Reconstruction of Concepts of Masculine Domination. † Sociology 7 (1989): 143-162. 2. A. Hochschild with A. Machung. The Second Shit: Woking parents and the Revolution at Home (New York: Viking. 989): 257. 3. M. Donaldson, Time of Our Lives: Labour and Love in the Working Class (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991). 3. R. Connell. â€Å"Theorising Gender,† Sociology, 19 (1985): 263; R. Connell, â€Å"The Wrong Stuff: Reflections on the Place of Gender in American Sociology. † in H. J. Gans, editor, Sociology in America (Newbury-Park : Sage Publications 1990), 158; R. Connell, â€Å"The State, Gender and Sexual Politics: Theory and Appraisal† , Theory and Society 19/5 (1990): 509-523. 5. Connell. â€Å"Theorising Gender,† 260. 6. R. Connell, Which Way is Up? Essays on Class, Sex and Culture (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1983), 234-276. 7. T. Carrigan, B. Connell. and J. Lee, â€Å"Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. † in H. Brod. editor. The Making of Masculinities: The New Men’s Studies (Boston:. Allen and Unwin), 75. 8. R. Connell. Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics (Sydney: Allen and Unwin. 1987), 107; Carrigan. Connell and Lee, 95. 9. Carrigan, Connell. and Lee. â€Å"Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. † 86: Connell, Which Way is Up? 185. 10. Connell, Which Way is Up; Connell. Gender and Power; R. Connell, â€Å"A Whole New World: Remaking Masculinity in the Context of the Environmental Movement,† Gender and Society 4 (1990): 352-378: R. Connell. â€Å"An Iron Man: The Body and Some Contradictions of Hegemonic Masculinity,† in M. Messner and D. Sabo, editors, Sport, Men and the Gender Order (Champaign. Ill. : Human Kinetics Books, 1990): Connell, â€Å"The State, Gender and Sexual Politics†; Carrigan, Connell and Lee, 86; R. Chapman. â€Å"The Great Pretender: Variations in the New Man Theme. † in R. Chapman and J. Rutherford. editors. .Male Order: Unwrapping Masculinity (London: Lawrence and Wishart. 1988) 9-18; C. Cockburn. â€Å"Masculinity, the Left and Feminism. † in Male Order:103–329; P. Lichterman. Making a Politics of Masculinity,† Comparative Social Research 11 (1989): 185-208; M. Messner â€Å"The Meaning of Success: The Athletic Experience and the Development of Male Identity,† in The Making of Masculinities:193-2 10; J. Rutherford. â€Å"Who’s That Man’? † in Male Order, 21-67. I I. Connell, Which Way is Up: 236, 255, 256. 12. Connell, Which Way is Up: 185,186,239. 13. Connell, â€Å"Iron Man,† 83, 94. 14. Connell, â€Å"Whole New World,† 459. 15. D. Hammond and A. Jablow, â€Å"Gilgamesh and the Sundance Kid: The Myth of Male Friendship,† in The Making of Masculinities: 256: Messner. â€Å"The Meaning of Success†, 198; Connell. Iron Man. † 87, 93: Donoghue in Connell. â€Å"Iron Man,† 84-85. 16. Carrigan, Connell, and Lee, â€Å"Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity†: Connell, Gender and Power. 17. G. Herek, â€Å"On Heterosexual Masculinity: Some Physical Consequences of the Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality,† in M. Kimmel, editor, Changing Men, New Directions on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park: Sage. 1987): 71-72; Connell. â€Å"Whole New World,† 369. 18. Carrigan, Connell and Lee, â€Å"Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity†: 93; C. Johnson and R. Johnston, â€Å"The Making of Homosexual Men. † in V. Burgmann and J. Lee, editors, Staining the Wattle. A People’s History of Australia Since 1788. (Fitzroy: McPhee Gribble/Penguin, 1988): 91; Connell, Gender and Power: 80; Carrigan, Connell and Lee: 86. 19. Carrigan, Connell, and Lee. 85; Connell. Gender and Power : 116. 20. Johnston and Johnston. â€Å"Homosexual Men. † 94: Carrigan. Connell, and Lee. 74: J. Hearn, The Gender of Oppression: Men, Masculinity and the Critique of Marxism (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1987); Connell, , Gender and Power: 60; Connell, Which Way is Up: 234. 177-178. 21. Otto in L. Ross. â€Å"Escaping the Well of Loneliness. † Staining the Wattle: 107. 22. Connell. â€Å"Whole New World,† 474-475, 477. 23, Lichterman, â€Å"Making a Politics. † 187-188, 201, 204. 24. Hochschild, Second Shift, 239: V. Seidler, â€Å"Fathering, Authority and Masculinity,† Male Order, 276; G. Russell, The Changing Role of Fathers? (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. 1983), 98. 117; Seidler, â€Å"Fathering,† 287: Hochschild, Second Shift, 249; Connell, Which Way is Up, 32. 25. Messner. â€Å"Meaning of Success,†: 201. 26. Russell, Changing Role; Hochschild, Second Shift, 2, 217, 227; C. Armitage, â€Å"House Husbands. The Problems They Face,† Sydney Morning Herald (4 July 1991): 16. 27. Seidler. Fathering,† 298, 290, 295; Russell, Changing Role, 177. 28. Bicknell, â€Å"Neville Wran: A Secret Sadness,† New Idea (May 11, 1991): 18. 29. Russell, Changing Role, 128-129, 135-136. 30, Seidler. â€Å"Fathering,† 283. 31. Hochschild, Second Shift, 218, 237; P. Stein. â€Å"Men in Families,â⠂¬  Marriage and Family Review 7 (1984): 155. 32. Hochschild, Second Shift, 216; Defrain in Stein, â€Å"Men in Families. † 156; E. Prescott, â€Å"New Men,† American Demographics 5 (1983): 19. 33. Connell. â€Å"Whole New World. † 465; Seidler, â€Å"Fathering,† 275. 31. Donaldson, Time of Our Lives, 20-29. 35. Chapman, â€Å"Great Pretender,† 212; Prescott, â€Å"New Men. 16, 20, 18. 36. Chapman, â€Å"Great Pretender,† 213. 37. Connell, â€Å"Whole New World,† 465. 38. Connell, â€Å"Whole New World,† 176. 39. Connell, Gender and Power, 15; Connell, â€Å"The Wrong Stuff,† 161. 40. Connell, Which Way is Up: 71. 41. R. Connell, Teachers’ Work (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1985). 187; Connell. Which Way is Up: 71: Hochschild, Second Shift, 255: N. Barrowblough and P. McGeough. â€Å"Woman of Mystery. The Trump Card Keating Hasn’t Played,† Sydney Morning Herald, (8 June 1991): 35. D. Cameron. â €Å"Just an Average Mrs. Premier,† Sydney Morning Herald, (28 Nov. 1992): 41. 42. M. Barrett, Women’s Oppression Today: Problems in . Marxist Feminist Analysis (London: Verso, 1980): 187-216; Messner, â€Å"Meaning of Success. † 201: R. Ochberg, â€Å"The Male Career Code and The Ideology of Role,† in The Making of Masculinities: 173. 184; Hammond and Jablow, 255-256; Illawarra Mercury, â€Å"Family Comments Greeted with Fury. † (1 December 1992): 7. 43. W. Shawcross, Rupert Murdoch, Ringmaster of the Information Circus (Sydney: Random House. 1992). 44. Carrigan. Connell. and Lee, 92; Connell, Gender and Power, 156; Connell. â€Å"Iron Man. † 91; Seidler. â€Å"Fathering,† 279. 45. Carrigan, Connell, and Lee, 92. How to cite Deviance. Topic Questions, Essay examples

Evaluation Plan For Breast Cancer Screening Programme †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Program Planning And Evaluation In Public Health and Evaluation Plan For Breast Cancer Screening Programme. Answer: Introduction There are so many programs related to health and care of public in the nation but the awareness of the programs in the view of public is not that much as should be. The main aim of public health program is to control disability, disease, injury and diseases. This task has become more complex to run in perfect manner. Evaluation motivates to examine the program in sophisticated manner; including which activities takes place, who involved in the activities and who is attain result. It is the report which will focus on the health care program and analyze will be done over the program in sophisticated manner. There is a lot of importance of evaluation plan because it determines the required information by stakeholders and the owner of the health care program (Grembowski, 2015). Along with that the valuation plan aids to gather the data by recognizing the effective possible methods and strategies. The Breast Cancer Screening program has been chosen for this assignment. The main purpose of choosing this program is to make aware ladies about the breast cancer earlier so that they can have the best chance to being cured. It has been analyzed that more than 2 billion women has breast cancer in UK. It is the program which is open for the ladies whose age between 50 to 70 years but for this the patient should be registered first with a GP to receive the invitations. There are various kind of stakeholders involve in the evaluation plan of breast cancer screening program (NCBI, 2016). The rational of evaluation plan will be discussed in this report. The major factors will be analyzed in an appropriate manner which can influence the successful dissemination and utilization of the evaluations finding. The main purpose of the evaluation plan is to attain the effective knowledge about the activities of the program (Kajiho, et. al., 2016). It will be facilitated to decide the outcomes of a health program by providing the evidence considering the contributions of program. Summary of the Evaluation Plan of Breast Cancer screening program Goal: the main objective of the breast cancer screening program to provide services all women aged 50 to 70 for screening every 3 years. The major goal of this program to facilitate discovers breast cancer as early as possible in term to enhance the chance of recovery (Cancer Research UK, 2017). Objectives Strategies Process Indicator Data Collection Methods of Process Indicators Impact/ Outcome Indicators Data Collection Methods of 2 Effect Indicators 1. To provide breast screening called mammography test to all women whose age between 50 and 70 years. Collect information from the data of census and offer them to get secured from breast cancer. Quality of the relevant information and quantity of the population. Survey conducted to get aware about the women who are suffering from breast cancer so that other women can get aware about the potential health issues and get checkup earlier. The screened women will be more aware about whether they have an issue regarding breast and the services to get cured from this disease would be available for them. Analyze the data of collected information to see the possibility of check up of breast cancer in among women. To provide knowledge about the pros and cons of breast cancer to those ladies who come with patients. Health care, health risk and behaviors, economics and health status are major process indicators. Survey conducted to get aware about the population. 2. To enhance the awareness and knowledge about this program so that women get chance of being cured. Advertisement of the program in the social media, news channel and news paper. Various kind of advertisement material made and circulated. Documentation and ask the people if they use social media. Women will get aware about the program and focus on to have test of it for once. It will be liable to reduce the risk of breast cancer and increase the satisfaction for health. Survey people exposed to the program activities. Conduct a program for making aware people about the program. The people who have age more than 65 years. Several ways of promotions. Survey 3. To improve the quality of life of women by protecting them from breast cancer. Conducting program and activities for improving the rate of protection of breast cancer and it would make easier for the nurses to reach at risk Number of aged people who involve in the activities. Satisfaction level of program and activities. Interview with women to get know about the concern related to breast issues with them so that the advice can be given to them to get tested in every 3 years. Activities will be implemented for the purpose of increasing the awareness of the program for women. Survey local and nationally of women whose age is above 50 and less than 80. 4. To reduce the reason of death in the world due to breast cancer. To focus on various factors such as health risks and behaviors, health status and the death rate of women by breast cancer. Vital elements such as specificity of diagnostic procedures, availability of nurse counseling and perform appropriate follow up. Review the sample of forms to checks the health concerns and other issues with women. After screening and test many women are readmitted with breast cancer. Activities of document and survey people who are screened. Rational of evaluation plan The evaluation plan is vital for improving the quality of health system involvement against Breast cancer and to understand whether these involvements have attained the measured goals. Monitoring is able to keep active manager to track progress of program or policies of the planned goals. Especially when new approaches are being used for instance innovative early detection programs (Eldredge, Markham, Ruiter, Kok and Parcel, 2016). It is essential to monitor closely both results whether they have nature of intended or unintended along with that the assumptions should be revised appropriately on which the involvement is based. Participatory evaluation is an approach that includes the stakeholders of a policy in the process of evaluation. The description about the methods, scope, design, stakeholders, ethical concerns, timing and political issues will be mentioned below in the context of Breast Cancer Program. Methods The methods are being taken to analyze the evaluation plan is qualitative data and quantitative data. The survey will be helpful to analyze the concern of women regarding breast cancer and other issues related to breast (Kim, et. al., 2014). Interview with women can be arranged who had experience of breast screen. The questionnaire is made to analyze and evaluate the effect of breast screening test. With the help of questionnaire the response of different people regarding test and the Breast Screening Program will be gathered which would be facilitated to know about the impact of this program. The information regarding program can be collected from the data of the program and use to inform policy development, enable strategic research and review the indicators of program (Hambly, et. al., 2009). It has been evaluated that The Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council (AHMAC) are agreed to an evaluation of the Breast Screen Australia Program in October 2005. By taking help of that report the evaluation plan of this program can be initiated. It comes under the quantitative data which will be helpful to check the concern of women regarding breast cancer. Scope The evaluation plan indicates that there are various challenges in the program of breast screening program but it can be resolved easily by making aware women about its pros so that they can get aware about the possible chances of being patient of breast cancer and cured herself prior. To make the evaluation plan for breast screening program, financial help is taken from government, NGOs and from those who are ready to donation for improving the condition of health of public. The main scope of the evaluation plan is to keep focus on false positives and false negative results. It cannot be found by screening that cancer is there that is why some pope with breast cancer will be missed. It refers as a false negative result. When the test picks up something in some women even they are not victim of breast cancer called as false positive result. Design The main focus of evaluation plan is to enhance he rate of the target age group to increase mortality reduction through a range of social marketing and communication. Along with those service delivery strategies is applied in the evaluation plan, while making sure there is enough capacity to meet the demand. The cross sectional design is taken to approach women from target population. It involves the women from linguistically and culturally background, women living in various major cities and women who surviving in very low remote areas. Stakeholders There are various stakeholders are contributed to implement the evaluation program. It includes doctors, women, nurses, and operators of program, agencies, governments, NGOs and consumers. These plans are improved due to contribution of them in the evaluation plan. The goal of evaluation plan is fulfilled due to support of stakeholders because they are the key themes of success of it (Posavac, 2015). The doctor is supportive in the term of treatment of breast cancer while the agencies, government and NGOs are supportive to provide financial support to conduct research over the people of breast cancer. Ethical issues Ethical consideration is vital process while researching something confidential. There are some ethical issues is arisen such as approval from committee, informed consent and conflicts between evaluation team. To prevent from ethical concern there are some policies are applicable which is liable to take action against those who disclose the confidential information while researching and evaluating (Andersen and Christensen, 2005). The property standards is involved in the evaluation plan while conducting that is service orientation, right of human subjects, human interactions, complete and fair assignments, fiscal responsibility and disclosure of findings. Timings It has been evaluated that the timing is required for evaluation plan is maximum 6 months because it involves the data of death due to breast cancer which is taken 1 or 1.5 months to evaluate in an adequate manner. Summative evaluation is considered to evaluate the data because it contains outcome evaluation and impact evaluation. These outcomes are brought the changes that have nature of short term and long term that outcome directly from the program like attitude change, social norms and knowledge and awareness (Skaane and Skjennald, 2004). Political issues Political issues can be the major issue for evaluating the plan regarding breast cancer. Internal pressure can be the reason of creating ethical issues. Policies are compulsory for making evaluation plan and it can also be the reason of issues as well (Lewin, et. al., 2002). The evaluation should b maintained and proper planned with anticipation of the various interest of several group. Political viability helps to obtain the cooperation so that the misuse of the outcomes can be avoided. Disseminate and Utilise Dissemination is considered as the process of communicating process and learning from the plan of evaluation to relevant audiences on time and it should be unbiased. There are so many elements of the evaluation which may be forceful to prevent the communication in proper manner that is why the reporting strategy should be discussed in prior with intended users and other specifics stakeholders (Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening, 2012). There is also requirement of planning effective communications to consider the timing the, message source and format of information products. This evaluation plan has been made on the Breast Cancer Screening Programme and it is important for the evaluation plan to attain entire disclosure and unbiased reporting in spite of how communications are made. It has been found that there are issues to implement the evaluation plan in an appropriate manner. These issues can be decreased by taking help of dissemination (Lyman, et. al., 2014). Evalua tion is also punctual staff to simplify their understanding about the goals of the program. There is involvement of many stakeholders in the evaluation plan and the issue can be come in the form of denying providing services on required time (Sewdass and Du Toit, 2014). The findings of evaluation should be utilized; there is also utilization that drive from the evaluating process. In the breast cancer program these process uses should be motivated to enhance the awareness of the women towards the test of breast cancer so that they can get cured before becoming the victim of it. The stakeholders who take part in an evaluation can experience reflective changes in beliefs and behaviour (Lauby-Secretan, et. al., 2015). For example, the challenges in the evaluation plan of breast cancer can force the other related member of evaluation plan to act differently in what they are pursuing and to positive or negative assumptions of people that interlinked program activities with intended effects. The promptness of clarity of goals and objectives of the evaluation plan is able to turn member of the evaluation plan to better function as team focused on a common end. In brief, interest in the logic, values and reasoning of evaluation can have effective but positi ve possessions like firming decisions on systematic judgments instead of on unfounded assumptions. There are additional process is also considered for evaluation that involve the clear definition of indicators which should be clear in the perspective of stakeholders (Gnant, et. al., 2011). It facilitates to make results matter by amending the corroboration linked with attaining the positive results. For instance, a funder can provide grant bonus or outcome dividends to a program that has reflected a major amount of community change and improvement. It has been learned from the evaluation plan of breast cancer to target those ladies whose age is more than 50 but lesser than 70. Conclusion It has been calculated that the role of evaluation plan is major in the health program for public because it helps to determine the impact of the program over the public. The possible changes can be accomplished by making evaluation plan for specific health program. It is the report which has been made on the breast cancer screening program. Program evaluation is able to recognize the location of the program in perfect manner and along with that it can recognize the lack of transportation as a barrier to attendance. The evaluation plan has been made on breast cancer screening program in which various objectives and strategies has been mentioned. Each strategy has process indicators which is having the source of data collection. Data is collected regarding women whose checkup or test of breast is done or remained from the survey and the report of census to get the data of women living in particular area. It has been evaluated that more than 15,000 breast cancers are diagnosed by scree ning in England. It has been recommended by the UK guidelines that women with a high risk of breast cancer if this issue is exist in the history of her family that is why it is important to have screening mammograms every year (Kalager, Zelen, Langmark and Adami, 2010). References Andersen, P.H. and Christensen, P.R., 2005,From localized to corporate excellence: How do MNCs extract, combine and disseminate sticky knowledge from regional innovation systems(No. 05-16). DRUID, Copenhagen Business School, Department of Industrial Economics and Strategy/Aalborg University, Department of Business Studies. Cancer Research UK, 2017, Breast screening, Retrived on 30th October 2017 from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/screening/breast-screening. Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Ruiter, R.A., Kok, G. and Parcel, G.S., 2016,Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach, John Wiley Sons. Gnant, M., Mlineritsch, B., Stoeger, H., Luschin-Ebengreuth, G., Heck, D., Menzel, C., Jakesz, R., Seifert, M., Hubalek, M., Pristauz, G. and Bauernhofer, T., 2011, Adjuvant endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: 62-month follow-up from the ABCSG-12 randomised trial.The lancet oncology,12(7), pp.631-641. Grembowski, D., 2015,The practice of health program evaluation, Sage Publications. Hambly, N.M., McNicholas, M.M., Phelan, N., Hargaden, G.C., O'Doherty, A. and Flanagan, F.L., 2009, Comparison of digital mammography and screen-film mammography in breast cancer screening: a review in the Irish breast screening program.American Journal of Roentgenology,193(4), pp.1010-1018. Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening, 2012, The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review,The Lancet,380(9855), pp.1778-1786. Kajiho, H., Kajiho, Y., Frittoli, E., Confalonieri, S., Bertalot, G., Viale, G., Di Fiore, P.P., Oldani, A., Garre, M., Beznoussenko, G.V. and Palamidessi, A., 2016, RAB2A controls MT1?MMP endocytic and E?cadherin polarized Golgi trafficking to promote invasive breast cancer programs.EMBO reports,17(7), pp.1061-1080. Kalager, M., Zelen, M., Langmark, F. and Adami, H.O., 2010, Effect of screening mammography on breast-cancer mortality in Norway.New England Journal of Medicine,363(13), pp.1203-1210. Kim, J.H., Sharma, A., Dhar, S.S., Lee, S.H., Gu, B., Chan, C.H., Lin, H.K. and Lee, M.G., 2014, UTX and MLL4 coordinately regulate transcriptional programs for cell proliferation and invasiveness in breast cancer cells,Cancer research,74(6), pp.1705-1717. Lauby-Secretan, B., Scoccianti, C., Loomis, D., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Bouvard, V., Bianchini, F. and Straif, K., 2015, Breast-cancer screeningviewpoint of the IARC Working Group, New England Journal of Medicine,372(24), pp.2353-2358. Lewin, J.M., D'Orsi, C.J., Hendrick, R.E., Moss, L.J., Isaacs, P.K., Karellas, A. and Cutter, G.R., 2002, Clinical comparison of full-field digital mammography and screen-film mammography for detection of breast cancer.American Journal of Roentgenology,179(3), pp.671-677. Lyman, G.H., Temin, S., Edge, S.B., Newman, L.A., Turner, R.R., Weaver, D.L., Benson III, A.B., Bosserman, L.D., Burstein, H.J., Cody III, H. and Hayman, J., 2014, Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update.,Journal of Clinical Oncology,32(13), pp.1365-1383. NCBI, 2016, The breast cancer screening program in Germany, Retrived on 30th October 2017 from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361021/. Posavac, E., 2015,Program evaluation: Methods and case studies, Routledge. Sewdass, N. and Du Toit, A., 2014, Current state of competitive intelligence in South Africa,International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.185-190. Skaane, P. and Skjennald, A., 2004, Screen-film mammography versus full-field digital mammography with soft-copy reading: randomized trial in a population-based screening programthe Oslo II study.Radiology,232(1), pp.197-204. van Luijt, P., Heijnsdijk, E. and de Koning, H., 2014, breast cancer screening program.Overdiagnosis in the Dutch and Norwegian breast cancer screening program, p.115.

Risk Management Evaluation

Question: Discuss about theRisk Management Evaluation. Answer: Introduction Cloud Computing is a simple path for little entrepreneurs and business visionaries to spare time and cash on payroll systems. Cloud Computing permits the conveyance of on-interest payroll services on the Website on the composition of using the premises. Essentially, organizations sign into payroll systems utilizing a web program without hosting or secure anything on PC. Therefore, cloud computing is an easy decision for entrepreneurs and business visionaries. It is a less demanding, low cost and a safer approach to improve the work of organizations payroll system. This study is a proposal report for Child Protection to decide best cloud-based model for their payroll system and file exchange system. It might be troublesome to choose a particular model, but a few factors are there that should surely be kept in mind before deciding. Payroll structure which is suitable for Child Protection Organisation is surely effective. Firstly, the organization needs to keep in mind the business size and budget it wants to spend on payroll processing. For small size businesses, it is easy to handle the payroll system duties through the manual procedure. It is difficult for big organizations to handle this with the manual procedure as it is too much time consuming to calculate everything perfectly. Therefore, it is good for Child protection to invest in the Cloud-Based model for the payroll process. This study includes Cloud deployment and delivery models, Impact on the organization and on its staff. This study also highlights the cost tabulation of cloud vendors and complete explanation of all six vendors as well as service information given by vendors. Cloud Deployment and Delivery Model for Child Protection Cloud Computing is mainly based on the assets sharing instead of taking care of applications provided by individual devices or local servers. Cloud computing implies that payroll data information is private as well as secure. It permits the organization to manage and control payroll system with a less amount of manual power and paper. Leading providers of best cloud model provide eliminated paper procedures and provide additional payment choices (Ritu Sharma Manu Sood, 2011).Cloud payroll system is a cheaper option. While advancement in Cloud Computing models is surely the best technique to control payroll data as it is accurate, faster and better Human Resource Payroll platform. Best Cloud Delivery Module for Child Protection is SaaS The SaaS (Sofware as a Service) model for delivery is typically utilized to make the Reusable Cloud Service broadly accessible for the numerous cloud clients. A whole commercial market exists around the SaaS products. Software as a service is rented and utilized for several purposes through several terms to make an appropriate payroll system and file exchange framework for clients (Sreenivas, Sriharsha, Narasimham, 2011). Payroll Software As A Service Software as a Service (SaaS), is the software delivery model which gives access to the software as well as to its functions such as Web-based administration. SaaS permits the association to get business benefits at a cost commonly less than that of paying for Authorized Applications because SaaS model pricing depends on the annually or monthly charges. Best SaaS Model: SurePayroll Framework SurePayroll Framework offers a basic setup which is completely programmed and the administration this framework offers is completely programmed or computational, provide better-documenting options and better installment of various responsibilities. This versatile application makes file exchanges and payroll system available at anyplace and at any time at single-tick. Child Protection experience cutting-edge facilities with SaaS model for their payroll system and for data exchange framework because of the services it provides, for instance, Automatic Notifications, Integration of necessary forms as well as information updates (Grutzmacher, 2015). Cloud Deployment Model: Both Public and hybrid cloud model is good for payroll system and file exchange system in Child Protection organization VM migrations support model is the best model used in Hybrid and Public Cloud model for the efficiency in files and data exchange and also it addresses the payroll system (He Wang, 2015). As Hybrid and Public Clouds increment huge fame, it is critical for associations to have the capacity to move virtual machines from an on-premises model to general cloud model. Therefore AWS offers the most consistent VM movement way of all the real cloud suppliers, in spite of the fact that Microsoft is not a long way behind ("Cloud Solutions", 2016). Impact on Staff from Proposal IT Administration Applications: Despite the danger of losing employments to cloud suppliers, IT is progressively perceiving that Cloud arrangements can spare cash and permit workers to concentrate on what is imperative for them in zones of center competency, business worth and separation. CRM profitability applications: Desktop as well coordinated effort applications are appropriate for SaaS. Their expensive client base including representatives, clients, and accomplices makes availability an unquestionable requirement. Human Resource Software: SaaS is now turning into the overwhelming innovation for HR items that touch an assortment of clients, from potential contender to veteran representatives. On account of HR projects, the ease of use and availability of SaaS takes into account less demanding coordinated effort crosswise over levels and offices (Alashoor, 2014). Cloud Suppliers for the Data Exchange Amazon: (AWS) Amazon Web Services provides dozens of services such as Elastic Cloud Compute Model as well as Simple Storage availability to fulfill on-demand services of the client (Hale, 2013). General Purpose - Current Generation model vCPU: 1; ECU: Variable; Memory (GiB):0.5; Instance Storage: EBS only; Linux usage about $0.0065 per Hour ATT: ATT cloud vendor provides a service which gives pay-as-you-go service for the client to access virtual servers as well as provide storage integrated services with networking and security functions (Cloud Solutions, 2016). Cost and billing: Package rate: $2K /MO Virtual Servers at price rate of $.04 /hour and $25 /mo Dome9: Leading provider of security management services for private and public clouds and also for the dedicated as well as virtual private servers. Demo9 provide security management administration which automates the cloud server protection for organizations (Geffner, 2014). Cost: X20 $ 249 / month: Billed monthly; Up to 20 instances; 5 Users; 1 year data retention; Silver support Cloud Suppliers for the Payroll Services Google: Google provide, online office productivity tools such as e-mail, calendaring, Website creation equipment and word processing. Google cloud vendor provides a PaaS offering which lets the developers to build the applications as well as to host the apps on Google's infrastructure. Google provides per-minute cost and billing with the increased usage (Yu, 2014). Cost: Instance: A0 ; Cores: 1 0.75; RAM Disk: 20 GB; Price: $0.0369/hr (~$27/mo) GoGrid: GoGrid platform provides Web-based capacity as well as the capability to easily deploy the Windows as well as Linux virtual servers on the cloud, with the help of preinstalled software such as Apache, Microsoft SQL, PHP, and MySQL (Lucky, 2015). Cost: Rates: $0.12/server RAM hours; $0.12/GB data transfer; $0.15/GB cloud storage Microsoft: Microsoft is a leading vendor named as the leader for providing IaaS and PaaS cloud model, suitable cloud storage services to clients, therefore, Payroll System with the helps of Microsoft cloud model is an effective model("Cloud Solution Provider", 2016). Cost: No upfront expenses, No termination charges, Per minute cost and billing facilities. Service Information Provided from Each Vendor Amazon: It gives trusted, cloud-based answers for the Child Protection Organisation and help them to meet their business requirements. Running solution for security of Organisations Payroll system and Data exchange system are answered with the help of AWS (Amazon web service) Cloud model which help the organization to get their applications running faster or speedier and providing the same level of security infrastructure that associations like Pfizer and Intuit depend on (Hale, 2013). ATT : Keep clients drew in with dependable access to fantastic media.CDN Service from ATT gives clients the data transfer capacity, adaptability and control clients advanced resources rapidly and more safely (Cloud Solutions, 2016). Dome9: It provides network security and protection policy management as well as the automation for clients entire cloud environment which works over AWS and some other cloud vendors (Geffner, 2014). GoGrid: Today's cloud security is not well prepared to effectively scale and give scope to versatile cloud servers. Security given by cloud suppliers is regularly restricted, complex and physically worked and separated to every cloud supplier's but security service for cloud model by GoGrid is easy and effective (Lucky, 2015). Google: Google provides a Secure and completely highlighted system for the organization to complete its endeavors. They are committed to providing an open source as well as an industry driving value execution program to industry. They provide Google's center base, information examination and machine learning for better cloud-based payroll system (Yu, 2014). Microsoft: Microsoft makes protection and security a need at each progression, from code advancement through occurrence reaction. Microsoft outlines its product for security starting from the earliest stage. They incorporate security with programming code with the help of methodology named as SDL ("Cloud Solution Provider", 2016). Conclusion This study concludes that the cloud-based finance or payroll software is right now in its very initial stages. Usage of the cloud-based system in many organizations is currently increasing as more organizations realize several advantages provided by this technology, for instance, lower upfront expenses, vendor-started programming updates as well as decreased liability. This report concludes that for Child Protection organization SaaS is surely the best framework for payroll service conveyance so that they experience a viable as well as a preferred option which is fit for their organizations payroll methodology. References Alashoor, T. (2014). Cloud computing: a review of security issues and solutions.International Journal Of Cloud Computing,3(3), 228. Cloud Solutions. (2016).Synaptic.att.com/clouduser/. Retrieved 5 September 2016, from https://www.synaptic.att.com/clouduser/ Cloud Solution Provider. (2016). Retrieved from https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/cloud-solution-provider Geffner, D. (2014). Dome9 Security Named a Cool Vendor by Gartner. Grutzmacher, M. (2015). Software aus der Datendose Outsourcing, Cloud, SaaS Co.Computer Und Recht,31(12). Hale, J. (2013). Amazon Cloud Drive forensic analysis.Digital Investigation,10(3), 259-265. He, W. Wang, F. (2015). A Hybrid Cloud Model for Cloud Adoption by Multinational Enterprises.Journal Of Global Information Management,23(1), 1-23. Lucky, D. (2015). Expanded Solutions and Support for Legacy GoGrid Customers. Ritu Sharma, Manu Sood,. (2011). Enhancing Cloud SAAS Development with Model Driven Architecture.International Journal On Cloud Computing: Services And Architecture,1(3), 89-102. Yu, L. (2014). Public Relations Course Design and Implement Based on Google Cloud.AMM,623, 262-266.