Thursday, September 3, 2020

Jonslive

Jonslive The principle topic in this novel, was one, which befuddled me without question. The greater part of Agatha Christie's books are secrets so they are loaded up with numerous subtleties. For instance, first year I read And afterward there were None, by Agatha Christie and it was a confused puzzle to follow and one that took me some time to comprehend. In every last bit of her secret books the plot is rotated around murder. Somebody who killed somebody is their rest, a homicide that had occurred in a house that the principle character(s) had quite recently moved into, or a gathering of individuals chose to remain in a chateau were they were killed one by one.Soon after Gwenda Reed (primary character) moved into her new home, abnormal things began to occur. While she was attempting to finish the house to make it progressively present day, she uncovered it's past. Each time she climbed the steps, of the house she felt a feeling of dread experience her.Gwenda Thomas

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Overcoming the Financial Challenge of Going to College Essay

Beating the Financial Challenge of Going to College - Essay Example This finding is because of the way that the normal expense of an advanced degree is around $23,000 per annum and that implied a great deal of cash for some Americans particularly that the economy is as yet reeling from the money related emergency (Reuters). Many picked and compelled to work than seek after a professional education since they essentially can't manage the cost of it and in this manner drop out rate in the United States keep on rising. This instance of understudies dropping out because of money related trouble isn't secluded. This is unavoidable to the point that it very well may be said that the drop out figure in school in the US is now disturbing to the point that it could as of now sabotage the country’s intensity. In an investigation led by Harvard with information from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, United States has the most noteworthy dropout rate in the industrialized world. Among the 18 nations reviewed, United States slacked las t with a drop out pace of 46 percent. This figure is a long way from Japan which has a tremendous 89 percent graduation rate and previous Soviet states, for example, Slovakia with 63 percent and Poland with 61 percent (Reuters). These figures are viewed as disturbing in light of the fact that drop out rates are expanding in a contrarily corresponding way what exactly is required in the workforce sooner rather than later. Rather than expanding the graduation rate as it is anticipated that 59 % of occupations will as of now require a higher education by 2018, it is the drop out rate that is expanding with the nation having the graduation pace of 38.3 percent (O’Connor). It appears that employments later on particularly the lucrative ones won't be filled by Americans particularly with what the current joblessness measurements show that individuals without an advanced education has double the opportunity to be jobless. In the province of Florida, the figure is additionally simila rly frightening. O’Connor detailed that the State isn't creating enough school graduates who might top off future employment showcase request. It is even underneath the effectively national low national degree pace of 38.3 percent, graduating just 36.5 percent of its enrollees. This equivalent issue was featured was Dr. Eduardo J. Padron, President of Miami Dade where he isn't satisfied with the graduation pace of the individuals who are school prepared enrolling just a 39% graduation rate. He focused on that given this not all that satisfying figures, the concentration to finish school today â€Å"is extreme and urgent† †â€Å"to have a principles and practice from outside the College, or to characterize fulfillment from inside; to characterize it by our success† (Padron). This worry of Dr. Padron about â€Å"Standards and practice from outside the College, or to characterize finish from inside; to characterize it by our success† was about the natur e of training that understudies get in schools and their fittingness in genuine setting. The issue about low graduation is further plagued by this issue since it suggests that the effectively low alumni in the United States doesn't fulfill the amount and nature of what is required in the workforce. The current instructive arrangement of the United States has been generally study as not grounded on the real factors on the work environment as don't showing the understudies how to succeed and turn out to be monetarily autonomous (Kiyosaki). So the genuine issue of the instructive framework in the US isn't just kept to low pace of graduates yet in addition the nature of its alumni. Dr.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

The Effect of brand image on the customer loyalty and satisfaction in the context of a telecommunication company

Presentation Brand picture can be named as assessing the convictions and the view of the clients with respect to a particular item, a help, or an organization (Kahle Kim 2006, p. 4). The hypothesis has gotten one of the most acknowledged types of promoting, as it includes fulfilling the clients with their mental need.Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on ‘The Effect of brand picture on the client unwaveringness and fulfillment with regards to a media transmission company’ explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This hypothesis has been received and acknowledged by numerous advertisers as it encourages benchmarking of brand an incentive during showcasing (Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius 2009, p. 132). This thought is drawn from the way that giving clients mental advantages makes space for unwaveringness, and hence builds the pace of client turnover through recurrent business. In any case, what impact does mark picture benefits have on the consum er loyalty and reliability? Support of the Question The above inquiry is critical since it will assist the scientist with utilizing the scholastic information drawn from various scholarly writings on brand picture benefits corresponding to a media transmission firm, and for this situation, the Vodafone Egypt. In this way, the analyst will be in a place of scrutinizing the scholastic writing on brand picture, with an attention on the job of consumer loyalty and steadfastness in the in the business. All the more thus, the scientist will be in a place of Coming up with an up with a hypothetical system, which will assist with evaluating the brand picture benefits as to consumer loyalty just as devotion, and all the more along these lines, build up the degree to which they are corresponded. Connection to Previous Research Traditionally, brand picture has been utilized as an instrument of separating an item, administration, or organizations, the same number of individuals accept that it m akes space for personality that clients look for while purchasing an item or a help from a given organization (Romaniuk Sharp 2004). Various promoting research considers attest that brand picture advantage has a positive connection with devotion, which enables the clients to repurchase the merchandise or administrations (Brooks 2010, p. 67). In such manner, the brand advantage involves depicting elevated levels of connections, demonstrating certainty, just as giving uncommon medications to clients. This hypothesis accentuates on making a decent client organization relationship, as this makes a road for steadfastness. In any case, different examinations have certified something else, refering to no connection between quality assistance arrangement and unwaveringness (Brooks 2010, p. 158). This part of conflicting deduction delivers one prime inquiry: do advantages of brand picture have a connection with buyer loyalty?Advertising Looking for proposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dubrovski (2001) repels estimating brand picture by considering property estimation as the main feasible instrument. Dubrovski attests that other pragmatic estimation devices must be remembered for the procedure, for example, worth and advantage that accompanies purchasing the great or administration; in this manner, the creator shapes an ebb and flow hypothesis in statistical surveying. Dubrovski’s affirmation has contributed broadly in building up the reason behind of surveying consumer loyalty with respect to mark picture. Verifying this attestation will lead is to one prime inquiry: is there a positive connection between's consumer loyalty and brand picture advantage? Another hypothesis conceptualizes that clients become faithful to a specific firm due to a past fulfillment they had with the brand (Schmitt Simonson 1997, p. 67). This is additionally prove by various statistical sur veying, which has consistently affirmed that devotion has a positive relationship with fulfillment of the clients (Brooks 2010, p. 125). The investigations on this issue, in any case, harp on suggestion and aims to draw their surmisings, delivering one prime inquiry: is there a positive connection among's reliability and fulfillment of the clients? Vodafone Egypt is one of the organizations that can be utilized to survey the brand picture of a media transmission administration. In any case, the way that it is a worldwide organization makes it trying on assessing approaches to approach and assess the brand picture for the organization. While various organizations utilize representative advantages to attract potential clients to their items, the Vodafone Egypt has been utilizing utilitarian advantages to fulfill the clients as well as make client unwaveringness (Tamer 2012). The system in this proposition will consider clients of Vodafone Egypt as the members. Proposed Methods Using e xploratory plan, the investigation will dig into inside and out observational research to consider the ‘effect of brand picture on the dependability and fulfillment with regards to a media transmission company’. Exploratory structure will end up being of principal significance in this examination since it will enable the agent to build up the reason impact investigation of the factors. The investigation will make an easygoing deduction of the accompanying questions:Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on ‘The Effect of brand picture on the client unwaveringness and fulfillment with regards to a media transmission company’ explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Do advantages of brand picture have a connection with buyer devotion? Is there a positive relationship between's consumer loyalty and brand picture advantage? Is there a positive connection among's devotion and fulfillment of the clients? The examination will utilize b oth quantitative and subjective investigation that will permit an intensive examination on whether the steadfastness and fulfillment assume a basic job in deciding the brand picture of a media transmission organization. To upgrade the legitimacy, the examination will explore on the exploration issue utilizing a wide scope of auxiliary sources (Yin 2006, p.14). All the more along these lines, examination will be brought out through the essential sources in an ethnographic investigation. The members will incorporate all clients of media transmission benefits across Egypt, who will be chosen arbitrarily. This cross-sectional examination will give all responses to the review questions and meetings toward the finish of the investigation. Detailing of poll will be founded on the subjective investigations radiating from books and articles that are grounded with hypotheses of brand picture, client esteem, just as consumer loyalty, among others. The instruments of estimation will incorporate various scales that will quantify social as will as passionate implication of the clients as to media transmission administrations. The inquiries will be stated so that they will answer the brand picture advantage. A Likert 5-level scale will be utilized to survey the poll, and this will quantify the mentality of the members with respect to connection between brand picture, unwaveringness and fulfillment. Consumer loyalty will be estimated utilizing ten-scale instrument like likert scale. The client devotion will likewise be estimated, with a perspective on surveying the brand picture of the organization. To address the inquiries of the investigation, information will be entered in the PC framework to gauge the brand picture advantages, dependability and fulfillment. SPSS programming will be utilized to dissect the aftereffects of the survey, where the methods, standard deviations, rates, single direction investigation of change (ANOVA), unpaired t-Test, and Pearson’s connec tion coefficient will be determined to build up connections (Hardy Bryman 2004, p. 54). Reflection Potential Practical and Empirical Obstacles Even however the investigation will endeavor to utilize various auxiliary sources to think of complete data with respect with the impact of brand picture on the client dedication and fulfillment, the examination will encounter a confinement towards getting to some data, in light of the fact that there is little writing shrouded with regards to media transmission administration according to consumer loyalty and devotion. Progressively finished, despite the fact that likelihood based examining of members will improve the outside legitimacy, the way that the investigation is a cross-sectional one constrains its odds in to the extent evaluating the consistency of brand picture is concerned. A cross-sectional investigation may imperil the outer legitimacy since it doesn't take a pre and a post assessment test to set up the short and the drawn out impacts of the overall outside factor on brand picture of the Vodafone Egypt (Page, Cole, Timmreck 1995, p. 92)Advertising Searching for proposition on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Reasonable and Theoretical Problems and Difficulties Even however the specialist will endeavor to utilize books and article grounded on hypotheses of brand picture, there are various negating deductions inside the sources, and this requires a cautious choice of the sources. For example, while a few speculations propose that consumer loyalty prompts brand reliability, which, thus prompts brand picture, different investigations don't discover a relationship among's fulfillment and faithfulness, exhibiting that they are totally unrelated. In this way, the reasonable system will require a cautious determination of factors. Morals Ethical thought will be basic in this examination and will be achieved by guaranteeing that the investigation gets an endorsement from the Institutional Review Board or comparative morals audit advisory group, which will find out that the examination doesn't encroach on the privileges of the members; along these lines, there will be no impulse in selecting membe rs. All the more in this way, the specialist will find out the purpose of the participants’ enthusiasm for a push to set up the substance legitimacy, which will assist with killing one-sided reactions

Quality Audits for Improved Performance Essay

Reviewing is essentially the methodical assessment and examination of information through a free methodology. Essential to note is that reviewing isn't just about information, it likewise manages explanations, exhibitions, records and tasks. A fantasy that should be demystified is the misinterpretation that reviewing manages money related issues or articulations. This isn't correct. Inspecting manages in general execution, money related or something else. Any topic, generally might be examined. Evaluating hence, targets gathering information whereupon is accumulates proof and makes judgment. The pervasiveness of sorted out frameworks of governments just as organizations path back at around 4000BC required the requirement for record keeping. These records were both budgetary and non-monetary. These sorted out governments and organizations required a path through which they could accurately represent their receipts as w3ell as their distributions. In addition, this was a period wherein charge assortment had quite recently been unvented. There was a need in this way, to guarantee that the charges that were gathered by the administration could be represented to forestall any type of misappropriation of the constrained government assets just as open assets. The resulting requirement for reviews just as the sign of reviews can be followed in Babylonia. This was explicitly the open account frameworks in Babylonia. The ascent of this strategy can too be followed back to city conditions of Italy, Rome and Greece. Explicitly the open fund frameworks of these regions. The administr ations in these specific regions had started to scrutinize the legitimacy of records that were kept in these regions. The exactness and competency of authorities was likewise being addressed. Therefore, there was a need to think of a framework that could deal with these blunders of misappropriation, precision and inadequacy. In a few years, there was a need to concoct a method of making exact records. The outcome of this is the European frameworks of accounting and reviewing were presented in the Non-European nations. Reference Den07 l 1033 (Arter, 2007) This saw the presentation of reviewing in the United States. During this time, organizations were consistent expanding as far as their sizes just as their complexities. They likewise developed regarding their degree. This development made the need of the making of a different unit that would make confirmation, interior affirmation to be increasingly explicit that would check the bookkeeping data gave by the organization. The check o f this data was significant as in the bookkeeping data gave was utilized in dynamic procedures. Therefore, it was essential to guarantee that the budgetary data gave needed to have high degrees of precision. This required the need to concoct a method that would guarantee the exactness of such data. The most ideal approach to check this data gave was through the procedure of inspecting. It hence turned into an essential for chiefs, announcing specialists and bookkeeping ability to continually audit and sum up their reports such that it could be given importance. The point of this was to guarantee adequate objectivity in the records that were given. It additionally ingrained control in the methods that were essential in bookkeeping. In any case, this demonstrated not is sufficient as a portion of the partners despite everything uncovered a few degrees of ineptitude. Be that as it may, this procedure didn't bomb altogether. The procedure has two or three victories that can be ascribed to it. The procedure had one significant achievement. It prompted the making of the evaluating method. One may ask how. Evaluating went along as a method of guaranteeing that even these opportune and exact records and reports that must be submitted were exposed to review and investigation. The consequence of this was the production of the Institute of Internal Audit in the United States of America. This was critical since it guaranteed that the associations, regardless of whether administrative or non-legislative, concocted approaches to guarantee total freedom and objectivity. Reference Der08 l 1033 (Derek Matthews, 2008)The procedure of reviewing has its own chronicled venture. At first, this procedure existed with the sole point of representing the administration and explicitly, it was worried about record keeping. Be that as it may, the modern transformation saw inspecting advancing from this level to the following. The modern insurgency, which occurred somewhere in the range of 1750 and 1850, saw the procedure of reviewing having increasingly genuine capacities. During this period, reviewing was given another significance. The goals of leading reviewing likewise change evaluating turned into a fundamental procedure with the point of distinguishing extortion just as guaranteeing money related responsibility other than its underlying capacity of keeping records. This is on the grounds that the time of Industrial upheaval was combined with serious business developments. Organizations developed into extremely enormous endeavors. Thus, it turned out to be progressively hard for entrepreneurs to continually oversee their organizations. This required the formation of a strategy that would help watch out for all the money related systems. The elements of inspecting were in this manner given various branches. As of now, evaluating was primarily planned for guaranteeing exactness and forestalling misrepresentation. Reference San08 l 1033 (Sandy van Esch, 2008)In th e mid twentieth century, there was a need to normalize the testing strategies that were utilized by evaluators just as their announcing rehearses. The primary purpose for this change was to guarantee consistency in the inspecting field. This period made sure that the jobs of examiners, their strategies for reviewing just as their evaluating rehearses were all complete through a very much characterized technique. Therefore, evaluators concocted an arrangement of inspecting a chose test from an organization in detail instead of examining every single exchange made by the organization in detail. This is on the grounds that the job of inspectors was getting progressively significant and thus, the interest for their administrations developed too. They subsequently needed to think of a framework that would help enormously when it went to the issue of time utilization. This was the inspecting framework. In any case, note that the example picked must be agent as in the explanations behind i ts decision should have been legitimate. This arrangement of testing is still being used to date since it has been seen as less exorbitant just as efficient. Nonetheless, it isn't utilized constantly. Its utilization is dependent upon two or three restrictions. For example, on account of gross mistakes and genuine fake exercises, testing is utilized. Rather, the entire organization is inspected. This is on the grounds that such issues require exclusive expectations of accuracy. This is alluded to as hazard based inspecting whereby it is first settled whether an examining is required. From that point, a full scale review, rather than an agent review follows. Reference Rob09 l 1033 (Moeller, 2009)The interest for reviewing, and for this situation, both interior and outer evaluating, has its source in the nineteenth century. During this time, there was the Industrial Revolution As talked about above and thusly there was a desperate need of making a bookkeeping system. This was planned for chopping down of mistakes that accompanied record continuing, checking fund misappropriation, resource misappropriation just as cased of misrepresentation inside associations that are not business acclimated also. The need and birthplace of reviewing is followed to the period marginally after the advancement of bookkeeping. For the situation that somebody didn't confide in the trustworthiness of another man, there emerged the issue of loyalty. Subsequently, this required the need to think of a procedure through which the genuineness of this man could be tried. This offered ascend to the procedure of inspecting. Reference Rob09 l 1033 (Moeller, 2009)Necessity is without a doubt the mother of innovation. It got important to think of a framework that could without much of a stretch give a manner by which bookkeeping was placed into viewpoint. This prompted the production of the examining strategy. In any case, it is essential to take note of that even with the creation of examining , there came several difficulties. For example, the hole among the board and activity continually expanded. This made it incredibly important to think of a methods through which organizations could be overseen proficiently. The aftereffect of this was the expansion of the jobs of examining. Rather than counterchecking money related records and recognizing fakes, inspecting was given different capacities. For example, the procedure was presently utilizing d to; discover the degree to which the advantages of an organization are held record for. This incorporated the degree to which these advantages were protected from any type of misfortunes.; checking the level of nature of the presentation with respect to the completing of specific duties; survey and evaluation of the degrees of ampleness, adequacy and for the most part the utilization of explicit money related devices just as instruments of activity; the method of inspecting was additionally expected to build up the degree to which associations, rather, the divisions in associations went along to the strategies that needed to set out. This was likewise to build up the level to which these divisions agreed to the set out plans and systems of their institutions†¦ Finally, reviewing was additionally relegated another significant job. It was accused of the obligation of determining the level to which bookkeeping and information gave by bookkeeping could be depended on. Obviously, the elements of reviewing had become differentiated contrasted with when the method was developed. Reference Rob09 l 1033 (Moeller, 2009)With t5ime, reviewing was separated into two significant classifications; inward examining and outside evaluating. The previous alludes to the procedure by which the budgetary and hierarchical records of an organization are checked by ability inside the association. This is the explanation with regards to why each and ev

Friday, August 21, 2020

Hiv In Children In The Uk Effects On The Child And Family Free Essays

string(68) to shield their future potential and the food of society. Presentation The general topic of this exposition is the impact of youngster wellbeing on the kid and family. Ideas of wellbeing and ailment are investigated in quest for manners by which children’s wellbeing can be ensured and kept up on various levels. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and its ensuing infection state (AIDS) have in late decades become a prominent pandemic influencing the lives and occupations of regularly expanding quantities of patients and the influenced (UNICEF, 2011). We will compose a custom article test on Hiv In Children In The Uk: Effects On The Child And Family or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now HIV is a terminal (deep rooted) disease. Notwithstanding, progresses in current medication, the improved accessibility and adequacy of medication regimens implies that the illness would now be able to be overseen better, empowering upgraded and delayed lives for the contaminated (UNAIDS, 2008). It is thusly basic that information on HIV is improved, as this will help create powerful methodologies for the advancement of influenced children’s wellbeing, especially in their early stages. In such manner, the comprehension of components impacting the soundness of kids empowers the bringing issues to light of the open doors for powerful wellbeing advancement. It aslo empowers center around the impacts of disease and unforeseen weakness on the kids and their families (Judd, et al., 2007). The impact of HIV in youngsters in the UK and the general wellbeing and prosperity of kids living with HIV including those uncovered through maternal disease; kids helpless against the effects of HIV and AIDS, for example, the individuals who have been stranded, those living outside parental consideration, or in poor families; and kids who are particularly powerless against introduction to HIV in view of their conditions, for example, those infusing drugs and the individuals who are manhandled or explicitly abused, is the focal point of this paper. This investigation of kid wellbeing is led with specific spotlight on HIV in kids in the UK. The rate, predominance, and changing examples of illness are examined upheld by measurable proof which empowers the contextualization of the youngster medical problem. The effects of youngster wellbeing approaches and arrangements on the prosperity of the kid and family are likewise investigated. Patterns in kid medical problems Frequently, and to a great many people, wellbeing is viewed as the nonattendance of malady or sick wellbeing. Be that as it may, progresses in examination into wellbeing have prompted the recognizable proof of a few impacts making it fundamental to upgrade this restricted definition to incorporate these. Wellbeing gets from the connection of complex viewpoints and factors in a child’s situation, for example, hereditary enrichment and conduct reactions, each continually influencing and impacting the other (Glanz, et al., 2008). With regards to this, WHO characterizes wellbeing as, â€Å"†¦ a condition of complete physical, mental and social prosperity, not just the nonappearance of malady or infirmity† (WHO, 2005). Wellbeing can in this manner be recognized as an asset for day by day life, a constructive idea that stresses physical capacities, just as close to home and social assets which surmise the upkeep and streamlining of capacity through time (Hall and Elliman, 2006). Youngster wellbeing, in such manner, is characterized as the degree to which an individual kid or gatherings of kids are capable or empowered to: create and understand their maximum capacity; fulfill their necessities; and, create limit permitting their fruitful collaboration with their physical, natural and social condition (Silberfeld, 2007; UNICEF, 2009). Exhaustive wellbeing advancement depends on the acknowledgment that wellbeing and prosperity are a consequence of the connection of different various factors, for example, organic, mental, social, social, and physical (Albon and Mukherji, 2008). In such manner, kid wellbeing must be taken a gander at comprehensively to incorporate the nonattendance of sickness as well as other basic improvement angles, for example, a solid domain where to develop and create, play and learn. In light of this view and essential to the evaluation of kid wellbeing, three spaces are characterized: wellbeing condition (the sicknesses and disarranges of body frameworks, for example, malady, injury, debilitation, or signs and side effects); working (the appearances of wellbeing in day by day life mirroring the immediate and roundabout impacts of wellbeing); and, wellbeing potential (the advancement of wellbeing resources (limits or holds) that give the ability to reaction to physical, mental, and social difficulties just as hazard states which lead to helplessness to unforeseen weakness) (Green and Tones, 2010). Kid wellbeing has at its center the development and improvement of solid youngsters with ability to arrive at their maximum capacity as residents of the world. Impacts of neediness and imbalance, for example, may bring about other compound factors, for example, poor nourishment, open door for instructive turn of events, and viciousness in the area (physical wellbeing), all of which lead to poor kid wellbeing as well as wellbeing potential (Jones, et al., 2007; Wall, 2010). Neediness is frequently connected to unexpected frailty results and altogether impacts youngsters who endure lopsidedly, youth being the most powerless periods in the existence course (Wall, 2010). This is particularly huge since a child’s personal satisfaction is interlaced with the life and experience of the family in which they live or their carers. Without tending to issues influencing the kid at home, for example, destitution, sustenance, lodging, wellbeing, just as socio-social factors, the best personal satisfaction for the kid may not be accomplished (Department of Health, 2009; Shaw, et al., 2005). Such issues have been appeared to have consequences for we llbeing and prosperity of people, and particularly youngsters in their basic and touchy periods of advancement. Kid wellbeing has picked up essentialness from the acknowledgment of basic contrasts from grown-up wellbeing with thought of more extensive parts of wellbeing explicit to kids being clarified (National Research Council (US)/Institute of Medicine (US), 2004; British Medical Association, 1999). Contrasts with grown-up wellbeing include: reliance on grown-up carers or family for their raising, assurance of diets, and access to administrations; various signs of unexpected frailty; formative contrasts with more spotlight on children’s intellectual, passionate, social and physical development basic in their development and advancement; and their demography, with a huge extent of youngsters in the UK living in neediness (Albon and Mukherji, 2008; UNICEF, 2009). Because of these basic issues, children’s wellbeing ought to be focused on defend their future potential and the food of society. You read Hiv In Children In The Uk: Effects On The Child And Family in class Article mode ls Appropriate methodologies should envelop far reaching and facilitated care to address the necessities of the two grown-ups and youngsters in a family setting gathering by and large wellbeing and social consideration needs (Adams, et al., 2002). Studies on youngster wellbeing in the UK led by the Department of Helath and private offices have indicated that for all intents and purposes all parts of wellbeing toll more regrettable among kids from less wealthy families and networks making a connection among destitution and poor kid wellbeing (UNICEF, 2009; Hall and Elliman, 2006). Others contemplates led comprehensively have aslo gotten comparative discoveries, an immediate connection among sickness and mortality (horribleness) with appearances of hardship whether social or monetary, for example, neediness and joblessness. This shows wellbeing contrasts are generally the result of the imbalance in the circulation of riches and pay (). At present, 3.5 million youngsters live in destitution in the UK, right around 33% of the considerable number of kids. Near portion of this populace live in states of serious neediness with families having as meager as ?12 every day for every individual to cook for each need (food, toys, apparel, power and warming, and transport). Moreover, 18% ward youngsters in the UK live in families where no grown-ups are in business (UNICEF, 2009). This paints a bleak picture for their general wellbeing and prosperity. This circumstance is made desperate with respect to incessant diseases, for example, HIV and AIDS influencing youngsters straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, frequently changing the limit and capacity of grown-up guardians in their job, cooking for the influenced kids. Frequently the condition likewise brings about loss of guardians or parental figures contaminated with the illness (Judd, et al., 2007). With neediness, the arrangement of good sustenance basic especially for ailment the executives in state of HIV, quality lodging in safe neighborhoods and generally speaking wellbeing advancing ways of life is tested. The HIV and AIDS condition is likewise inclined to shame and social isolation, which altogether improves imbalance far beyond that because of destitution (Shaw, et al., 2005). These consolidated, and notwithstanding other natural and social factors, for example, the connections in the family and network, may significantly affect the wellbeing of influenced youngsters. The nature and quality of such connections may contrast over an individual’s life expectancy, and early impacts may set up a progression of vulnerabilities and qualities that could fundamentally influence the totality of life (Silberfeld, 2007). The HIV contamination and its wellbeing results are examined underneath investigating measurable proof on frequency, predominance and changing examples of infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Like all infections, HIV can't develop or recreate autonomously and necessities to taint cells of living creatures so as to imitate (to make new duplicates of themselves). Be that as it may, not at all like different infections which are slaughtered and cleared by the human insusceptible framework, HIV assaults fundamental parts of the invulnerable

Tuesday, August 18, 2020

U.S. Presidential Election Columbia Connections COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

U.S. Presidential Election Columbia Connections COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Barack Obama (CC83) becomes the first Columbia graduate elected president of the United States. He joins other illustrious Columbians who went on to run the country at pivotal times during its history: Theodore Roosevelt, who was president from 1901 to 1908, and his cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt, president from 1932 to 1945. Both attended Columbia Law School but did not graduate. And Dwight D. Eisenhower left his post as University president in 1952 to become the nations 34th president. As an undergraduate, he attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Obama joins a long tradition of Columbians in public service, ranging from signers of the Declaration of Independence to Cabinet members to Supreme Court justices, as well as 15 New York City mayors and 13 governors of New York, including the current officeholder, David E. Paterson (CC78). We note with pride that Barack Obama will not only be the nations first African American president, he will also be the first Columbia graduate to occupy the Oval Office, Columbia president Lee C. Bollinger said. Senator John McCain is also a member of the Columbia family, as the McCains daughter is a recent graduate of Columbia College. We wish him well in continuing his record of service to our country. To continue reading this article, please click here.

Sunday, June 21, 2020

Was Napoleon An Heir to the French Revolution - Free Essay Example

Was Napoleon An Heir to the French Revolution? Of all the Events of European history, the French Revolution of 1789 is without doubt one of the most important and controversial. Similarly Napoleon Bonaparte has to be amongst the most written on and opinion dividing individuals world history has ever seen. Therefore the question as to weather Napoleon was an heir to the revolution, its saviour, hijacker, or simply consolidator is probably the most frequently asked question regarding the revolution and Napoleon. In this essay I will be attempting to answer the question of weather Napoleon was an heir to the French Revolution. This will involve me firstly exploring my definition of the term heir, and my views on the explanations and definitions of the French Revolution. Having done this I will then move on to examine the reign of Napoleon. By doing this I hope to prove my view that, whilst Napoleon may be considered an inevitable consequence of the revolution, he was not its heir. In my opinion the word heir describes a persons or events natural successor. Therefore the term heir to the revolution would in my opinion be used to describe the next regime, which came to embody the principles and morals of the revolution. The revolutions heir must be the regime that follows on from were the revolution left France, and presides over, or creates the kind of society the revolutionaries of 1789 intended to. It is my belief that Napoleon and the Napoleonic regime did not either preside over or c reate this kind of society and as such Napoleon cannot be considered an heir to the French Revolution. In order for this view to be qualified the next aspect we need to look at, is the various definitions and interpretations of the French Revolution. Put simply the French Revolution was, when in 1789 the old Ancien regime was overthrown, and France went from a monarchy-governed state to a republic. After this, France went through a number of different stages in terms of forms and types of government. The revolutionary government of 1789-1793 was the most immediate, until between 1793-1794, when Robespierre became the most powerful man in France overseeing the era known as the terror. This was followed by the Directory who ruled between the years 1794-1799, and this was the government Napoleon overthrew in the Coup of Brumaire on November 9-10th 1799. Studying the history of these events has gone through many stages and significant changes, especially in the last fifty years or so. For a long time after the revolution, the most dominant form historiography on the subject was the Marxist interpretation. This interpretation went largely unchallenged until the 1950s and the arrival of the first generation revisionists. This was essentially a critique of the Marxist interpretation. This was followed up in the 1960s and 1970s by what is often called second generation revisionism, as historians such as Blanning and Doyle began to look more closely at the Nobility as a social group and found new definitions for the events in the years after 1789 up to when Napoleon took power. The most recent historical study on the subject is known as post revisionism and this tends to place more emphasis on matters such as chance than previous approaches whilst also stressing the importance played by the aspects such as popular culture and the psyche of the days society and influential groups and people. Of these approaches I find the Marxist interpretation most convincing and therefore I will now move on to briefly explore this, in order to portray my definition of the French Revolution. The Ancien regime saw an absolute monarch with complete power, running a feudal based society and economy. The Marxist interpretation of the French Revolution states that it was in essence a power struggle between the middle classes or the bourgeoisie and the upper classes, aristocracy and the nobility. This is proven by the view that it was the Third Estate, which began the revolution and this was dominated by the bourgeoisie. It is claimed that they had been motivated by political ideology inspired by the enlightenment and the fact their economic wealth did not reflect their share of power. The declaration of the rights of man on the 24th August 1789 and the abolishing of the feudal system are often pointed out as them most important evidence that the revolution was a bourgeois one, overthrowing the feudal Ancien regime after a power struggle. The degree to, and speed with which French society changed after this has been much debated among historians. Many historians continue to define the revolution as the whole of the period 1789 – 1799. Historians such as Geoffrey Ellis who points out how Napoleon himself declared at the Coup of Brumaire that: â€Å" Citizens the revolution is established on the principles which began it. It is finished.† However I believe that the revolution is defined as the result of the power struggle between the old Ancien regime, and the newly emerging bourgeois middle class. The revolution is defined by the events of 1789 and 1789 alone. The founding principles and morals of the revolution were that of the bourgeoisie, and these can best been seen by such documents as the declaration of the rights of man, the decree abolishing the feudal system, the Cashier de Doleances referring to the middle classes, and the actions and constitution of the revolutionary government up until 1793 and the beginning of the terror. Having established my definition of the French Revolution, it is first important not to gloss over without mention to the years 1793 – 1799, before going on to look at the nature of the Napoleonic regime itself. Inmy view these years can in essence be described as a crisis created by panic and a power vacuum. The execution of King Louis XVI in January 1793 created much pan ic within and outside France leading to foreign war and numerous insurgencies and political divisions inside France itself. In these years France became almost ungovernable and the terror can be seen purely as a reaction to the threats the new French Republic was facing. The era of the Directory, in my view, is summed up by the fact that, the revolution was under threat from Jacobins, Monarchists, foreign invaders, and the mass of the French population tired of war and political upheaval. Therefore the bourgeoisies tried to create a strong government that could defeat all of these enemies. However such a task soon proved impossible and with the coup of Brumaire in November 1799, France was once again to be ruled by a single authoritarian leader. Having now explained my understanding of the term heir to the revolution, my definition of the FrenchRevolution, and briefly looked at the years before Napoleon came to power, I will now go on to look at the Napoleonic regime and convey m y argument as to why I do not believe it is correct to describe Napoleon as an heir to the French Revolution. In order to prove this I will look the Napoleonic regime from two different viewpoints namely, politically and economically. Up until the second half of the twentieth century historical study on Napoleon nearly always came down to historians being either for or against Napoleon. Some believed he was the revolutions saviour, whilst others believed he was its destroyer. However such an approach came to be seen as inadequate and the political and social aspects of the Napoleonic regime began to be put under closer scrutiny in an attempt to better understand its nature. Todays historians often look closely at the personality and motivations of Napoleon, subjects which previous generations have offered little on. Looking at Napoleon from a political point of view, there is much evidence to support the view he was not an heir to the revolution. Many recent historical studies on Napoleon, such as Correlli Barnetts 1997 work Bonaparte, look closely at Napoleons character and motivations, and are often (as in this case) very critical of him. Studies such as these convey the view that Napoleon had very little political or ideological motivation in taking power, but was only concerned with gaining glory for France, its people, and himself. I would largely agree with this view and claim there are many pieces of evidence to support it. Firstly is the fact that Napoleon always presented himself as a man above the revolution and the political factions it created. He never allied himself closely with any of the groups involved in French politics between 1789-1799, and one can look at Napoleon from an almost Machiavellian point of view and say that, this was a conscience decision on his part, taken to avoid becoming compromised, and thus allowing him to eventually take power. Indeed looking at the political nature of the Napoleonic regime only supports this vi ew further. On December 2nd 1804 Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France and this reveals two important things. Firstly it meant that Napoleon was now a single authoritarian leader with absolute power. The ethos of democracy, which had been the founding principles of all the revolutionary forms of government since 1789, had been disregarded completely. This was evident from as early as 1800 when Napoleons reforms of local government reduced the role of the electorate to simply producing a list of candidates for the legislation assembly, from which the government would select the members. After the revolution the franchise had been extended to almost all male citizens and these action are in direct contradiction to the ideologies of the bourgeois revolutionaries of 1789. In fact I believe its fair to say that all of Napoleons action during his reign were aimed at him keeping hold of power. As Clive Emsley says in Napoleon: â€Å"A n underlying, unifying element to many, perhaps most of the reforms was the desire to foster and maintain loyalty to the regime.† The second thing this event revealed was how Napoleon saw himself. When the pope went to crown him, Napoleon took the crown away from his hands and placed the crow upon his own head. The message was clear; he was the embodiment of the people and as such their natural leader. Such a belief in more in keeping with the beliefs of previous kings who believed they were ordained by god, than with the ideals of the liberal revolutionary bourgeoisies.The economic nature of the Napoleonic regime is often seen as the strongest area of support for those claiming Napoleon was an heir to the French Revolution. As historians such as Alexander Grab point out Napoleon implemented many economic reforms that both were bourgeois in nature, and did a lot to consolidate the gains the land owning classes made from the revolution. This is proven by the fact the reforms long outlasted the regime, as Grab himself puts it: â€Å" Once Napoleon was gone, France and liberated Europe happily retained the efficient fiscal bureaucracies he had created.† Indeed I will accept that the Code Napoleon of 1804 for example did do much to protect property rights and his wider economic policies were probably the for-runner of the European common market, which exists today. However I would still claim that such reforms were only made by Napoleon to keep the bourgeoisies on side. Whilst doing this Napoleon also brought back the Catholic Church into a central position within French society with the Concordat with the Pope in 1802, and he even created a new Nobility in 1808. It is my view that, as bourgeois and successful as the economic reforms were, they were not created because of any political or moral ideology on Napoleons part, but should be seen as concessions to those who had brought about the revolution. Napoleon clearly made concessions to both sides, as the above examples illustrate, and as this proves his aim was not to create a democratic capitalist society, I believe he cannot be seen as an heir to the French Revolution. If one were to go on, and look at Napoleons policy in Europe I believe that the same aims, goals, and methods would be found on the international scene. War was Napoleons main weapon here, and he used it to expand his and the Frenchs glory, whilst basking in the loyalty his undoubted military skills afforded him from the mass of the French population. In conclusion I believe that the French Revolution was a bourgeoisie one. The nature, instability, and divided nature of the revolutionary government, popular sovereignty under Robespierre, and the directory, were down to the fact that no political culture of difference and debate existed in France in 1789, unlike in countries such as Britain. Therefore the struggle for power between the different factions of the revolutionary bourgeoisie became inevitable. As did, as in almost all revolutions, the eventual arrival of a dictator to restore order and stability. In the case of the French Revolution, Napoleon was that dictator. Whilst he implemented many long lasting, bourgeois in nature reforms, he did not create the kind of society that can be truly seen as the revolutions heir. Perhaps a regime such as Napoleons was required to stop France from destroying itself, and perhaps, in one way, Napoleon can be seen as an heir of the revolution as he was in many respects the first non-ideologue modern day politician. However it is my view that the real heir to the French Revolution was the kind of capitalist, democratic nation state France has become today. As D. G. Wright correctly points out: â€Å" Modern political parties and class conflict both have their origins in the French Revolution. So do liberal democracy, communism and fascism.† The debate over Napoleon will be one, which can never be resolved. Some will always see him as the revolutions saviour, whilst others will continue to claim he was the predecessor of men like Hitler and Stalin. The political beliefs of the historian, unfortunately, normally dictate which conclusion they come to as regards Napoleon Bonaparte. In my view though the French Revolution created a new kind of world; the liberal democracies of todays Europe can be considered its true heir. Napoleon was just its inevitable, short-term consequence.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn s Social Commentary On...

Mark Twain’s Social Commentary on Slavery in Huckleberry Finn Huckleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain over seven years, is considered one of the best American masterpieces ever published, and a very socially active novel. Through the plot and development of the main characters, Twain discussed the paradox of slavery in a free country, as well as his abolitionist beliefs on slavery. Throughout his life, he witnessed slavery in the United States as a whole and its impact on his life, which was transferred to include slavery in this novel. Throughout the novel Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain discusses the paradox of slavery in a free country and expresses a clear social statement about the immorality of slavery. Slavery was predominant in the†¦show more content†¦It was as a result of these jobs that Twain began to form his abolitionist ideals (Twain was an advocate of slavery until he became a steamboat pilot and was exposed to free places and free people). Twain famously stated, â€Å"Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness...broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one s lifetime...†, in his novel â€Å"The Innocents Abroad,† which was published in 1869. â€Å"The Innocence Abroad† was a social commentary on his journey to the Holy Land, and the cultural changes he saw. Therefore, Twain witnessed slavery firsthand, and this enabled him to comment on the paradox of slavery in a free country. One way that Mark Twain made a social statement in Huckleberry Finn was through his description of the paradox of slavery in a free country. Huck Finn, a white child, is free, but Jim, a black man, is working, unpaid. This is the scenario in which ‘slavery in a free country’ is exemplified. America was a free country when the Declaration of Independence was signed†¦ â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are among the opening lines to the United States’ Declaration of Independence. Under this document, all people areShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn3099 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿HUCKLEBERRY FINN The adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the finest works of Mark Twain and probably the most controversial too. This is because it is by no means an ordinary story of Huckleberrys adventures; it is essentially a social commentary on the slavery and post civil war era in the United States. T. S. Eliot in 1950 acknowledged the book as,  ¦the only one of Mark Twains various books which can be called a masterpiece. I do not suggest that it is his only book of permanent interest;Read MoreChanging Views And The Changing Blues1657 Words   |  7 Pages Cameron- 4th Hour Honors American Literature 9 January 2015 The Changing Views and The Changing Blues Mark Twain himself had this to say about his novel: Huckleberry Finn is a book of mine about a boy with a sound heart and a deformed conscience that come into conflict...and conscience suffers defeat.† In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, his view of society starts out as naà ¯ve and childish, but as he experiences life on the Mississippi, he grows into a man with a realistic standpoint of whatRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s Works Made A Huge Impact On Readers And Literary Critics1288 Words   |  6 Pagesand realist time eras in American Literature. He has simple, seemingly artless narrators and an understated style leads readers to arrive at the social commentary of his narratives on their own. Mark Twain’s writing influenced society because he created a new perspective on life with the views pointed out in his books. The distinctive trait of Twain s was his sense of humor. His writings are almost always humorous and have an element of satire to them. Satire is when people point out the absurditiesRead MoreSatire : Satire And Satire1498 Words   |  6 PagesSatire, as defined by Google is the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. It seems to be especially prevalent in the current climate of America, from South Park to the Onion one never has to go far to get entertaining commentary on the social or political happenings of the day. Satire is not a new literary device and satirical works have been documented inRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn4280 Words   |  18 PagesNadeem Sbaiti Mrs. Greenlee HN ENG III 1, June 2015 Independent Novel Project The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Knowledge Significance Of Title The title The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn seems to be very self-explanatory of the significance hence the name. Furthermore after further review and thought I have realized there is a deeper meaning than just that of Huckleberry Finn. When the book first begins it is showing the start of the young boys band of robbers and it leads you to believe theRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead More Twain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road – The River and the Road3035 Words   |  13 PagesTwain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road – The River and the Road One element that separates a good novel from a great novel is its enduring effects on society. A great novel transcends time; it changes and mirrors the consciousness of a civilization. One such novel is Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For the past one hundred and fifteen years, it has remained in print and has been one of the most widely studied texts in high schools and colleges. According to Lionel TrillingRead MoreThe Cultural Values Of This Southern Antebellum Time2321 Words   |  10 Pages The word adventures conjures a feeling as though the story is simply about blithe and lighthearted experiences. To the contrary, this novel delves deeper into Huck’s moral development, morality, race, slavery and Southern society. Through the title, Twain outwits his audience into examining weighty issues through the eyes of a naà ¯ve thirteen-year-old boy. 2. This classic novel is set in St. Petersburg, Missouri, which lies on the banks of the Mississippi River. Huck s adventures whisk him throughRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2486 Words   |  10 Pagesworld. The literary establishment recognized him as one of the most influential writers in America since the publication of his masterpiece, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. At first glance, the novel appears quite innocently filled with wild escapades centered on two protagonists who embark on a journey together down the Mississippi River: Huckleberry Finn, an unruly young boy who breaks free from the confinement of his alcoholic father, and Jim, a black fugitive slave. Throughout their expeditionRead MoreHow Mark Twain Influenced American Literature1641 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature When you think of the start of American Literature, what comes to your mind? Authors such as Walt Whitman, Ernest Hemmingway, Emily Dickinson, Charles Dickens, and Mark Twain stick out in our minds. They were the face of post-civil war and social realism poetry. Today we will take a closer look at Mark Twain, who was also known as the â€Å"Father† of American Literature. His work has survived more than 100 years after his death. Mark Twain was born in 1835, as Samuel Clemens in the town of Florida

Monday, May 18, 2020

The Duties and Objectives of Elementary School Teachers

The primary role of a teacher is to deliver classroom instruction that helps students learn. To accomplish this, teachers must prepare effective lessons, grade student work and offer feedback, manage classroom materials, productively navigate the curriculum, and collaborate with other staff. But being a teacher involves much more than executing lesson plans. Teaching is a highly sophisticated profession that regularly extends beyond academics. In addition to ensuring that students experience academic success, teachers must also function as surrogate parents, mentors and counselors, and even almost-politicians. There is almost no limit to the roles a teacher may play. Teacher as Third Parents Elementary school teachers contribute tremendously to student development. A childs experiences in their formative years shape them into the person they will become and teachers help in no small way to discover who that will be. Because teachers are such a big part of their students lives, many develop almost parental relationships with them. Due to the sheer amount of time that school is in session, teachers are tasked with being positive role models and mentors to their students every day. Students learn so much more than math, language arts, and social studies from their teachers—they learn social skills like how to be kind to others and make friends, when to ask for help or be independent, how to distinguish between right and wrong, and other life lessons that parents tend to echo. In many cases, students learn these things from teachers first. The nuances of a teachers role as a semi-parent largely depend on the age of their students but almost all teachers learn to care deeply for their students and always want the best for them. Whether a student is close with their teacher or not, they probably respect and revere them much like they do their own parents or guardians and teachers probably treat them as they would their own children. In some cases, teachers may be a students only mentor. Teachers as Intermediaries Even though a teacher is often like a parent, that doesnt leave a childs real family out of the picture—teachers are only one part of a larger equation. Teaching demands almost daily communication with families about everything from academics to behavior. Some of the most common forms of parent-teacher interaction include: Parent-teacher conferencesProgress reportsWeekly newslettersEmails, texts, and callsIEP meetings On top of these standard practices, teachers must often explain their choices to parents and conciliate them when there is conflict. If a parent or guardian finds out about something going on in the classroom that they dont like, a teacher must be prepared to defend their choices and their students. They must make informed decisions about how to act in their students favor and then be able to justify these, always standing firm but hearing families out. Teachers are the middlemen between parents and their children in education and parents are easily frustrated when they dont understand how or why something is being taught. Teachers must keep families in the loop as much as possible to prevent this but also be ready if someone is displeased with their decisions. Teaching entails always championing what is best for students and explaining how practices are beneficial as needed. Teachers as Advocates A teachers role is ever-changing. While teachers were once issued curriculum materials with a clear set of instructions detailing exactly how to teach them, this was not an equitable or effective approach because it did not acknowledge student individuality or real-life application. Now, teaching is responsive—it evolves to fit the needs and demands of any political and cultural climate. A responsive teacher counsels their students to use the knowledge they learn in school to become valuable members of society. They advocate for being informed and productive citizens by educating about social justice and current events. Teachers must always be aware, ethical, equitable, and engaged. The modern teaching profession also (often) includes advocating for students on a political level. Many teachers: Work with politicians, colleagues, and community members to set clear and attainable standards for students.Participate in the decision making to deal with problems affecting students learning.Mentor new teachers to prepare them to teach the youth of their generation. A teachers work is far-reaching and critical—the world just wouldnt be the same without it. Sources Ryan, Mary, and Theresa Bourke. â€Å"The Teacher as Reflexive Professional: Making Visible the Excluded Discourse in Teacher Standards.†Ã‚  Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, vol. 34, no. 3, 24 Aug. 2012, pp. 411–423.  Taylor Francis Online.Taack Lanier, Judith. â€Å"Redefining the Role of the Teacher: Its a Multifaceted Profession.†Ã‚  Edutopia, George Lucas Educational Foundation, 1 July 1997.â€Å"What Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers Do.†Ã‚  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, United States Department of Labor, 4 Sept. 2019.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Influence Of Medieval Literature On Modern Films - 1169 Words

Clairerencia Hudson Mrs. Morris English 12- 6th period 1 December 2016 The Influence of Medieval Romantic Literature on Modern films Does medieval romantic literature influence how modern films are made? Romantic literature started during the mid-12th Century (â€Å"Romance,† par.1). Medieval romances are stories and plays in which kings, knights, and damsels in distress go on some sort of adventure (from Sir Gawain and the Green Knight from Morte d’ Arthur). In addition, medieval romances consist of heroic figures showing acts of chivalry. As the years have passed, medieval romance has been portrayed in numerous screenings and productions. The differences, similarities and stereotypic character traits displayed in the influence of medieval romantic literature on modern films are significant. Modern films are significantly influenced by the differences they have in contrast to medieval romantic literature. An example of the differences displayed in medieval romantic literature influencing modern film would be when Arthur â€Å"learns his illegitimate son, Mordred, has seized control of England† (Malory 185). This example shows the differences displayed in medieval romantic literature influencing modern film because in the story Le Morte d’ Arthur, Arthur was against Mordred, his illegitimate son, but in the film First Knight Arthur was against Malagant, â€Å"a dropout from the round table†. (Malory 189, Simon, par 13). Also, it shows how Mordred was looking to control England whereasShow MoreRelatedThe Star Wars Is A Myth1285 Words   |  6 PagesHero with a Thousand Faces. That changed everything. Sculpting his imaginary galaxy around the skeleton of Campbell’s monomyth thesis produced a set of films that took a generation by storm and still reverberates through popular culture. Star Wars doesn’t exactly fit in any film genre. It has action and romance, but it isn’t an action or a romance film. It isn’t sci-fi either, though for lack of a better classification it often gets put in the genre. Star Wars is a myth. It reveals itself in the openingRead MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pageselements of the gothic have continued to be both influential and inspirational throughout history. Within more modern contexts, the gothic works of many romantic poets—such as Keats and Coleridge—have influenced popular entertainment across the spectrum of creative media. The family of the Gothic is huge. The genre is more than the commonly associated novels, poems, and stories. Films, music, video games, opera, art, and comics are all belonging together within the same family. Each of these creativeRead MoreGothic Realism And The Vampire Sub Cultures1512 Words   |  7 Pagesromantic and young adult literature and in celluloid. Vampire graphic narratives are finding increased popularity and have since developed into an â€Å"Iconic popular culture phenomenon drawing an obsession and fascination globally†. (Jacqueline, Ng, 2014) So what inspired this new genre of graphic narrative? Ghouls, ghosts and terrifying monsters have been around since the days of old, but the roots of horror graphic narrative begins in the late 18th century with Gothic Literature. To many the word GothicRead MoreThe Origins Of The Gothic Culture1558 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent type of genre of music, art, literature, media, and fashion. Fashion in this culture encompasses both Victorian and punk styles. Typically they incorporate dark attire, pale face makeup, and black hair. A variety of sources were imitated for the use of the Goth subculture from the 80s. Some of them were contemporary while others were from centuries ago. Punk and glam music had heavy influences on the Goth culture. Mediums such as horror films, literature, vampire cults, and traditional mythologyRead More Don Quixote Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagescentenary of the first publication of Don Quixote. Hailed as the first modern novel in world literature it has been translated into more than 60 languages and at the same time, owing to their widespread representation in art, drama, and film, the figures of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza are probably familiar visually to more people than any other imaginary characters in world literature. Don Quixote has had a tremendous influence on the development of prose fiction. The book depicts the story ofRead MoreSci Fi (Science Fiction) and Fantasy Essay849 Words   |  4 Pagesbe a bright idea of humanity overcoming their selfishness and living in harmony in the future, on the other hand, it could also be a warning of sorts. Some books and films take place in a dark future where mankind has almost completely destroyed itself. Either way can inspire the reader or viewer. Many ancient and medieval poetry and writings have elements of sci-fi/fantasy in them such as trips to the stars or under the ocean. Mythology, even, can be seen as a form of fantasy. Many ancientRead MoreThe Satanic Verses By Salman Rushdie973 Words   |  4 PagesSalman Rushdie is a passionate novelist and essayist known for his magical realism, who expresses his beliefs and influences through his works. Rushdie has frequently described himself as a â€Å"historian of ideas,† and many of his novels are â€Å"novels of ideas† rather than narrations centered on a plot or character. 1 Furthermore, Rushdie’s pessimistic views of religion are seen in his writings, from The Satanic Verses to recent essays like, Out of Kansas. I will also discuss the fatwa’ calling for hisRead MoreCharacteristics of Drama1660 Words   |  7 Pagesparadoxical relationship between humans and the cosmos, in which people are made answerable for their acts, yet recognize that these acts are determined by the gods. Medieval Drama Medieval drama, when it emerged hundreds of years later, was a new creation rather than a rebirth, the drama of earlier times having had almost no influence on it. The reason for this creation came from a quarter that had traditionally opposed any form of theater: the Christian church. In the Easter service, and later inRead MoreGraphic In Comic Books And Graphic Novelsbram1158 Words   |  5 Pagesnarrative? Ghouls, ghostsand terrifying monsters have been around since the days of old, but the roots of horror graphic narrative begins in the late 18thcenturywithGothic Literature. To many the word Gothic suggeststhe supernatural, the sinister. To others it’s an erotic charged nightmare; a representation of undisclosedhuman desire. The term, Gothic, Read MoreMacbeth vs Scotland, PA Essay example2332 Words   |  10 Pagesinterpretations of ancient works, whether they are plays, folktales, or poems, permeate around the world. These renditions re-tell the original stories in contexts that adjust to modern world. What was regarded serious in the past becomes mockery nowadays. William Shakespeare, one of the greatest English play writers, has a profound influence upon different societies globally since the fifteenth century, for his plays inspire many contemporary artists to present new scopes reflecting their societies. Considered

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Maternal Depression And Its Impact On Infant Health

Stephanie Norman 10/31/2016 Maternal Depression and its’ Impact on Infant Health â€Å"Maternal Depression† is a term that includes a range of depressive conditions, which impact mothers while pregnant and up to 12 months after delivery (NIHCM). Such depressive conditions include prenatal depression, postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis (NIHCM). In this paper, current literature that examines both prenatal depression and postpartum depression in relation to infant health will be reviewed. Prenatal depression includes depressive episodes starting during pregnancy and lasting from six months to one year after delivery (NIHCM). The symptoms of prenatal depression are similar to those of major depression and those of postpartum depression (NIHCM). Postpartum depression occurs after the baby is born, usually within the first 2-3 months postpartum, yet onset can be immediate, and may last up to one year after delivery (NIHCM) (Health.gov). It is estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that one out of eight women suffer from po stpartum depression (CDC). Symptoms of postpartum depression include â€Å"feeling disconnected from the baby, worrying that you will hurt the baby, and doubting your ability to care for the baby† (CDC). Most people who experience maternal depression, even those with severe forms, are able to improve with treatment (CDC). The relationship between maternal depression and its’ impact on infant health has been studied extensivelyShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Countries Are Plagued By Poor Maternal, Infant And Child Health Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesDeveloping countries are plagued by issues of poor maternal, infant and child health (WHO 2011). Approximately 358000 women die during pregnancy and 7.6 million children under five years of age die annually, worldwide (WHO 2011). Adequate maternal health and nutrition are imperative for child survival (WHO 2011). Maternal, perinatal and under-five mortality is still considerably high in South Africa [Department of Health ( DOH) 2012]. This is despite efforts to achieve the Millennium DevelopmentRead MoreMaternal Depression Case Study1431 Words   |  6 Pageschildren by examining the genetic impacts on Latino preschool children, who have been exposed to maternal depression. Utilizing genomic DNA samples from 108 four-year-old children and 92 five-year-old children and their mothers, Wojcicki et al. (2015) examines the telomere length within these children. Shorter telomere length has been linked to health conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity in adults, so determining early-life risk factors can improve the health trajectories of many childrenRead MoreDeveloping Countries Are Plagued By Issues Of Poor Maternal, Infant And Child Health Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesRelevance of study Developing countries are plagued by issues of poor maternal, infant and child health (WHO 2011). Approximately 358000 women die during pregnancy and 7.6 million children under five years of age die annually, worldwide (WHO 2011). Adequate maternal health and nutrition are imperative for child survival (WHO 2011). Maternal, perinatal and under-five mortality is still considerably high in South Africa [Department of Health (DOH) 2012]. This is despite efforts to achieve the MillenniumRead MoreEffects of Postpartum Depression on Child Bearing and Rearing Family1357 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Postpartum Depression on Child Bearing and Rearing Family Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major event occurring in eight to fifteen percent of the woman population after delivering their child (Glavin, Smith, Sà ¸rum Ellefsen, 2010). The symptoms and causes of PPD are similar to depression symptoms in other periods of life (Glavin et al., 2010). These symptoms may include feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, loss of interest in daily activities, sleep changes, anger or irritabilityRead MoreThe Role Of Maternal Role Attainment Theory911 Words   |  4 PagesRamona Mercer developed the Maternal Role Attainment Theory where she identified the four stages of role attainment to better clarify her theory (Noseff, 2014). The four stages include: before pregnancy, formal stage, informal stage, and lastly maternal identity (Noseff, 2014). Before a woman becomes pregnant she will undergo a mind changing perception for her future role (Noseff, 2014). The formal stage occurs after the baby is born and the mother mimics mothering skills taught to by the healthcareRead MoreGuaranteed Paid On The United States Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pages22, 2016 Guaranteed Paid Maternal Leave in the United States Today there are two countries in the world that do not currently guarantee paid maternity leave for employed new mothers and/or expecting mothers, those countries are the United States and Papua New Guinea, according to the International Labour Organization, an United Nations agency, which recommends a minimum 18 week maternity leave (Rubin 2016, p.1). In recent years, the controversial issue of guaranteed maternal leave has been a prominentRead MoreThe Effect Of A Mood Disorder On Maternal Behavioral Outcomes1172 Words   |  5 Pagesbirth of a baby can provoke a lot of emotions. Mothers particularly can have a range of emotions, including depression. Many mothers experience postpartum â€Å"baby blues†. 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Deviance. Topic Questions Free Essays

string(71) " necessarily involve men being particularly nasty to individual women\." University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Arts – Papers Faculty of Arts 1993 What Is Hegemonic Masculinity? Mike Donaldson University of Wollongong, miked@uow. edu. au Publication Details Donaldson, M, What Is Hegemonic Masculinity? , Theory and Society, Special Issue: Masculinities, October 1993, 22(5), 643-657. We will write a custom essay sample on Deviance. Topic Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Copyright 1993 Springer. The original publication is available here at www. springerlink. com. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: research-pubs@uow. edu. au Theory and Society, Vol. 22, No. 5, Special Issue: Masculinities, Oct. , 1993, pp. 643-657. What Is Hegemonic Masculinity? Mike Donaldson Sociology, University of Wollongong, Australia Structures of oppression, forces for change A developing debate within the growing theoretical literature on men and masculinity concerns the relationship of gender systems to the social formation. Crucially at issue is the question of the autonomy of the gender order. Some, in particular Waters, are of the opinion that change in masculine gender systems historically has been caused exogenously and that, without those external factors, the systems would stably reproduce. 1) For Hochschild, the â€Å"motor† of this social change is the economy, particularly and currently, the decline in the purchasing power of the male wage, the decline in the number and proportion of â€Å"male† skilled and unskilled jobs, and the rise in â€Å"female† jobs in the growing services sector. (2) I have argued that gender relations thems elves are bisected by class relations and vice-versa, and that the salient moment for analysis is the relation between the two. (3) On the other side of the argument, others have been trying to establish â€Å"the laws of motion† of gender systems. Connell, for instance, has insisted on the independence of their structures, patterns of movement. and determinations, most notably in his devastating critiques of sexrole theory. â€Å"Change is always something that happens to sex roles, that impinges on them. It comes from outside, as in discussions of how technological and economic changes demand a shift to a ‘modern’ male role for men. Or it comes from inside the person, from the ‘real self’ that protests against the artificial restrictions of constraining roles. Sex role theory has no way of grasping change as a dialectic arising within gender relations themselves. † It has no way of grasping social dynamics that can only be seriously considered when the historicity of the structure of gender relations, the gender order of the society, is the point of departure. (4) This concern with broad, historical movement is linked to the question of male sexual politics. Clearly, if men wish to challenge patriarchy and win, the central question must be, who and where are the â€Å"army of redressers? (5) But â€Å"the political project of rooting out the sexism in masculinity has proved intensely difficult† because â€Å"the difficulty of constructing a movement of men to dismantle hegemonic masculinity is that its logic is not the articulation of collective interest but the attempt to dismantle that interest. (6) It is this concept of â€Å"hegemonic masculinity† on which the argument for autonomy of the gender structures turns, for it is this that links their broader historical sweep to lived experience. Put simply, if the gender system has an independence of structure, movement, and determinations, then we should be able to identify counter-hegemonic forces within it; if these are not identifiable, then we must question the autonomy of the gender system and the existence of hegemonic masculinity as central and specific to it. On the other hand, if gender systems are not autonomous, then the question â€Å"why, in specific social formations, do certain ways of being male predominate, and particular sorts of men rule? † remains to be answered and the resistances to that order still remain to be identified. The political implications of the issue are clear. If there is an independent structure of masculinity, then it should produce counter-hegemonic movements of men, and all good blokes should get involved in them. If the structure is not independent, or the movements not counterhegemonic, or the counter-hegemony not moving, then political practice will not be centred on masculinity †¦ and what do we men do then, about the masculine images in and through which we have shaped a world so cruel to most of its inhabitants? Hegemony and masculinity Twenty years ago, Patricia Sexton suggested that â€Å"male norms stress values such as courage, inner direction, certain forms of aggression, autonomy. mastery, technological skill, group solidarity, adventure and considerable amounts of toughness in mind and body. † (7) It is only relatively recently that social scientists have sought to link that insight with the concept of hegemony, a notion as slippery and difficult as the idea of masculinity itself. Hegemony, a pivotal concept in Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks and his most significant contribution to Marxist thinking, is about the winning and holding of power and the formation (and destruction) of social groups in that process. In this sense, it is importantly about the ways in which the ruling class establishes and maintains its domination. The ability to impose a definition of the situation, to set the terms in which events are understood and issues discussed, to formulate ideals and define morality is an essential part of this process. Hegemony involves persuasion of the greater part of the population, particularly through the media, and the organization of social institutions in ways that appear â€Å"natural,† â€Å"ordinary:’ â€Å"normal. † The state, through punishment for non-conformity, is crucially involved in this negotiation and enforcement. (8) Heterosexuality and homophobia are the bedrock of hegemonic masculinity and any understanding of its nature and meaning is predicated on the feminist insight that in general the relationship of men to women is oppressive. Indeed, the term â€Å"hegemonic masculinity† was invented and is used primarily to maintain this central focus in the critique of masculinity. A fundamental element of hegemonic masculinity. then. is that women exist as potential sexual objects for men while men are negated as sexual objects for men. Women provide heterosexual men with sexual validation, and men compete with each other for this. This does not necessarily involve men being particularly nasty to individual women. You read "Deviance. Topic Questions" in category "Essay examples" Women may feel as oppressed by non-hegemonic masculinities, may even find some expressions of the hegemonic pattern more familiar and manageable. (9) More than fifty books have appeared in the English language in the last decade or so on men and masculinity. What is hegemonic masculinity as it is presented in this growing literature? Hegemonic masculinity, particularly as it appears in the works of Carrigan, Connell, and Lee. Chapman, Cockburn, Connell, Lichterman, Messner, and Rutherford, involves a specific strategy for the subordination of women. In their view, hegemonic masculinity concerns the dread of and the flight from women. A culturally idealized form, it is both a personal and a collective project, and is the common sense about breadwinning and manhood. It is exclusive, anxiety-provoking, internally and hierarchically differentiated, brutal, and violent. It is pseudo-natural, tough, contradictory, crisis-prone, rich, and socially sustained. While centrally connected with the institutions of male dominance, not all men practice it. though most benefit from it. Although cross-class. it often excludes workingclass and black men. It is a lived experience, and an economic and cultural force, and dependent on social arrangements. It is constructed through difficult negotiation over a life-time. Fragile it may be, but it constructs the most dangerous things we live with. Resilient, it incorporates its own critiques, but it is, nonetheless, â€Å"unravelling. † (10) What can men do with it? According to the authors cited above, and others, hegemonic masculinity can be analyzed, distanced from, appropriated, negated, challenged, reproduced, separated from, renounced, given up, chosen, constructed with difficulty, confirmed, imposed, departed from, and modernized. (But not, apparently, enjoyed. ) What can it do to men? It can fascinate, undermine, appropriate some men’s bodies, organize, impose, pass itself off as natural, deform, harm, and deny. But not, seemingly, enrich and satisfy. ) Which groups are most active in the making of masculinist sexual ideology? It is true that the New Right and fascism are vigorously constructing aggressive, dominant, and violent models of masculinity. But generally, the most influential agents are considered to be: priests, journalists, advertisers, politicians, psychiatrists, designers, playwrights, film makers, actors, novelists, musicians, activists, academics, coaches, and sportsmen. They are the â€Å"weavers of the fabric of hegemony† as Gramsci put it, its â€Å"organizing intellectuals. These people regulate and manage gender regimes: articulate experiences, fantasies, and perspectives; reflect on and interpret gender relations. (11) The cultural ideals these regulators and managers create and perpetuate. we are told, need not correspond at all closely to the actual personalities of the majority of men (not even to their own! ). The ideals may reside in fantasy figures or models remote from the lives of the unheroic majority, but while they are very public, they do not exist only as publicity. The public face of hegemonic masculinity, the argument goes. is not necessarily even what powerful men are, but is what sustains their power, and is what large numbers of men are motivated to support because it benefits them. What most men support is not necessarily what they are. â€Å"Hegemonic masculinity is naturalised in the form of the hero and presented through forms that revolve around heroes: sagas, ballads, westerns, thrillers,† in books, films, television, and in -sporting events. (12) What in the early literature had been written of as â€Å"the male sex ole† is best seen as hegemonic masculinity, the â€Å"culturally idealised form of masculine character† which, however, may not be â€Å"the usual form of masculinity at all. † To say that a particular form of masculinity is hegemonic means â€Å"that its exaltation stabilizes a structure of dominance and oppression in the gender order as a whole. To be culturally exalted, the pattern of mascu linity must have exemplars who are celebrated as heroes. † (13) But when we examine these bearers of hegemonic masculinity, they seem scarcely up to the task, with more than just feet of clay. A football star is a model of hegemonic masculinity. (14) But is a model? When the handsome Australian Rules football player, Warwick â€Å"the tightest shorts in sports† Capper, combined football with modelling, does this confirm or decrease his exemplary status? When Wally (â€Å"the King†) Lewis explained that the price he will pay for another five years playing in the professional Rugby League is the surgical replacement of both his knees, this is undoubtedly the stuff of good, old, tried and true, tough and stoic, masculinity. But how powerful is a man who mutilates his body, almost as a matter of course, merely because of a job? When Lewis announced that he was quitting the very prestigious â€Å"State of Origin† football series because his year-old daughter had been diagnosed as hearing-impaired, is this hegemonic? In Australian surfing champion, iron man Steve Donoghue, Connell has found â€Å"an exemplar of masculinity† who lives â€Å"an exemplary version of hegemonic masculinity. † But, says Donoghue, â€Å"I have loved the idea of not having to work †¦. Five hours a day is still a lot but it is something that I enjoy that people are not telling me what to do. † This is not the right stuff. Nor are hegemonic men supposed to admit to strangers that their life is â€Å"like being in jail. † Connell reveals further contradictions when he explains that â€Å"Steve, the exemplar of masculine toughness, finds his own exemplary status prevents him from doing exactly what his peer group defines as thoroughly masculine behaviour: going wild, showing off, drunk driving, getting into fights, defending his own prestige. This is not power. And when we look to see why many young men take up sport we find they are driven by â€Å"the hunger for affiliation† in the words of Hammond and Jablow; we see the felt need for â€Å"connectedness† and closeness. How hegemonic is this? (15) Homosexuality and counter-hegemony Let us, however, pursue the argument by turning now to examine those purported counter-hegemonic forces that are supposedly generated by the gender system itself. There are three main reasons why male homosexuality is regarded as counter-hegemonic. Firstly, hostility to homo- exuality is seen as fundamental to male heterosexuality; secondly, homosexuality is associated with effeminacy; and thirdly, the form of homosexual pleasure is itself considered subversive. (16) Antagonism to gay men is a standard feature of hegemonic masculinity in Australia. Such hostility is inherent in the construction of heterosexual masculinity itself. Conformity to the demands of hegemonic masculinity, pushes heterosexual men to homophobia and rewards them for it, in the form of social support and reduced anxiety about their own manliness. In other words, male heterosexual identity is sustained and affirmed by hatred for, and fear of, gay men. (17) Although homosexuality was compatible with hegemonic masculinity in other times and places, this was not true in post-invasion Australia. The most obvious characteristic of Australian male homosexuals, according to Johnston and Johnston, has been a â€Å"double deviance. † It has been and is a constant struggle to attain the goals set by hegemonic masculinity, and some men challenge this rigidity by acknowledging their own â€Å"effeminacy. This rejection and affirmation assisted in changing homosexuality from being an aberrant (and widespread) sexual practice, into an identity when the homosexual and lesbian subcultures reversed the hegemonic gender roles, mirror-like, for each sex. Concomitantly or consequently, homosexual men were socially defined as effeminate and any kind of powerlessness, or a refusal to compete, â€Å"readily becomes involved in the imagery o f homosexuality† (18) While being subverted in this fashion, hegemonic masculinity is also threatened by the assertion of a homosexual identity confident that homosexuals are able to give each other sexual pleasure. According to Connell, the inherent egalitarianism in gay relationships that exists because of this transitive structure (my lover’s lover can also be my lover), challenges the hierarchical and oppressive nature of male heterosexuality. (19) However, over time, the connection between homosexuality and effeminacy has broken. The â€Å"flight from masculinity† evident in male homosexuality, noted thirty years ago by Helen Hacker, may be true no longer, as forms of homosexual behaviour seem to require an exaggeration of some aspects of hegemonic masculinity, notably the cult of oughness and physical aggression. If hegemonic masculinity necessarily involves aggression and physical dominance, as has been suggested, then the affirmation of gay sexuality need not imply support for women’s liberation at all, as the chequered experience of women in the gay movement attests. (20) More than a decade ago, Australian lesbians had noted, â€Å"We make the mistake of assuming t hat lesbianism, in itself, is a radical position. This had led us, in the past, to support a whole range of events, ventures, political perspectives, etc. ust because it is lesbians who hold those beliefs or are doing things. It is as ludicrous as believing that every working class person is a communist. † (21) Even though there are many reasons to think that there are important differences in the expression and construction of women’s homosexuality and men’s homosexuality, perhaps there is something to be learned from this. Finally, it is not â€Å"gayness† that is attractive to homosexual men, but â€Å"maleness. † A man is lusted after not because he is homosexual but because he’s a man. How counter-hegemonic can this be? Changing men, gender segmentation and paid and unpaid work Connell notes, â€Å"Two possible ways of working for the ending of patriarchy which move beyond guilt, fixing your head and heart, and blaming men, are to challenge gender segmentation in paid work and to work in men’s counter-sexist groups. Particularly, though, countersexist politics need to move beyond the small consciousness raising group to operate in the workplace, unions and the state. † (22) It is hard to imagine men challenging gender segmentation in paid work by voluntarily dropping a third of their wage packet. But it does happen, although perhaps the increasing trickle of men into women’s jobs may have more to do with the prodding of a certain invisible finger. Lichterman has suggested that more political elements of the â€Å"men’s movement† contain human service workers, students, parttimers. and â€Å"odd-jobbers. † Those in paid work, work in over-whelmingly female occupations -counselling, nursing, and elementary teaching are mentioned. In this sense, their position in the labour market has made them â€Å"predisposed to criticise hegemonic masculinity, the common sense about breadwinning and manhood. It can also be seen as a defence against the loss of these things, as men attempt to colonize women’s occupations in a job market that is increasingly competitive, particularly for men’s jobs.? (23) If we broaden the focus on the desegmentation of paid work to include unpaid work, more interesting things occur. While Connell has suggested that h egemonic masculinity is confirmed in fatherhood, the practice of parenting by men actually seems to undermine it. Most men have an exceptionally impoverished idea about what fatherhood involves, and indeed, active parenting doesn’t even enter into the idea of manhood at all. Notions of fathering that are acceptable to men concern the exercise of impartial discipline, from an emotional distance and removed from favouritism and partiality. In hegemonic masculinity, fathers do not have the capacity or the skill or the need to care for children, especially for babies and infants, while the relationship between female parents and young children is seen as crucial. Nurturant and care-giving behaviour is simply not manly. Children, in turn, tend to have more abstract and impersonal relations with their fathers. The problem is severely compounded for divorced fathers, most of whom have extremely little emotional contact with their children. (24) As Messner has explained, â€Å"while the man is ‘out there’ establishing his .name’ in public, the woman is usually home caring for the day-to-day and moment-to-moment needs of her family †¦. Tragically, only in mid- life, when the children have already ‘left the nest’ †¦ do some men discover the importance of connection and intimacy. † (25) Nonetheless, of the little time that men spend in unpaid work, proportionally more of it goes now into child care. Russell has begun to explore the possibility that greater participation by men in parenting has led to substantial shifts in their ideas of masculinity. The reverse is probably true too. Hochschild found in her study that men who shared care with their partners rejected their own â€Å"detached, absent and overbearing† fathers. The number of men primarily responsible for parenting has grown dramatically in Australia, increasing five-fold between 1981 and 1990. The number of families with dependent children in which the man was not in paid work but the woman was, rose from 16,200 in 1981 to 88,100 in 1990. Women, however, still outnumber men in this position ten to one. (26) Not only a man’s instrumental relations with others are challenged by close parenting, but so are his instrumental relations with himself. Men’s sense of themselves is threatened by intimacy. Discovering the affection, autonomy, and agency of babies and children, disconcerted by an unusual inability to cope, men are compelled to re-evaluate their attitude to themselves. In Russell’s study, the fathers who provided primary child care â€Å"constantly marvelled at and welcomed the changes that had taken place in their relationships with their children. (27) Even Neville Wran, the former premier of the Australian state of New South Wales whose most renowned political activity was â€Å"putting the blowtorch to the belly† of political opponents. said of fatherhood, which occurred in his sixties, â€Å"It’s making me a more patient, tolerant, understanding human being. I’m a r eal marshmallow. † (28) The men who come to full-time fathering do not, however, regard themselves as unmanly, even though their experiences have resulted in major shifts in their ideas about children, child care, and women. In fact, one quarter of them considered these changes a major gain from their parenting work. This was despite the fact that these men’s male friends and workmates were highly critical of their abandonment of the breadwinner role, describing them, for instance, as being â€Å"bludgers,† â€Å"a bit funny,† â€Å"a bit of a woman,† and â€Å"under the thumb. † (29) This stigmatism may be receding as the possibility of securing the children’s future, once part of the father’s responsibility in his relations with the â€Å"public sphere,† is becoming less and less possible as unemployment bites deeper. 30) Child-minders and day-care workers have confirmed that the children of active fathers were â€Å"more secure† and â€Å"less anxious† than the children of non-active fathers. Psychological studies have revealed them to be better developed socially and intellectually. Furthermore, the results of active fatherhood see m to last. There is considerable evidence to suggest that greater interaction with fathers is better for children, with the sons and daughters of active fathers displaying lower levels of sex-role stereotyping. (31) Men who share the second shift had a happier family life and more harmonious marriages. In a longitudinal study, Defrain found that parents reported that they were happier and their relationships improved as a result of shared parenting. In an American study, househusbands felt positive about their increased contribution to the family-household, paid work became less central to their definition of themselves, and they noted an improvement in their relationships with their female partners. (32) One of the substantial bases for metamorphosis for Connell’s six changing heterosexual men in the environmental movement as the learning of domestic labour, which involves â€Å"giving to people, looking after people. † In the same sense that feminism â€Å"claimed emotional life as a source of dignity and self respect,† active fathers are challenging hegemonic masculinity. For hegemonic masculinity, real work is elsewhere, and relationships don’t require energy, but provide it. (33) There is also the question of time. The time spent establishing the in timacy that a man may crave is also time away from establishing and maintaining the â€Å"competitive edge,† or the â€Å"public face. There are no prizes for being a good father, not even when being one is defined narrowly in terms of breadwinning. (34) Social struggles over time are intimate with class and gender. It is not only that the rich and powerful are paid handsomely for the time they sell, have more disposable time, more free time, more control over how they use their time, but the gender dimensions of time use within classes are equally compelling. No one performs less unpaid work, and receives greater remuneration for time spent in paid work, than a male of the ruling class. The changes that are occurring remain uncertain, and there is, of course, a sting in the tail. Madison Avenue has found that â€Å"emotional lability and soft receptivity to what’s new and exciting† are more appropriate to a consumer-orientated society than â€Å"hardness and emotional distance. † Past television commercials tended to portray men as Marlboro macho or as idiots, but contemporary viewers see men cooking, feeding babies, and shopping. Insiders in the advertising industry say that the quick and easy cooking sections of magazines and newspapers are as much to attract male readers as overworked women. U. S. Sports Illustrated now carries advertisements for coffee, cereal, deodorants, and soup. According to Judith Langer, whose market-research firm services A. T. T. , Gillette. and Pepsico among others, it is now â€Å"acceptably masculine to care about one’s house. (35) The â€Å"new man† that comes at us through the media seems to reinforce the social order without challenging it. And he brings with him, too, a new con for women. In their increasing assumption of breadwinning, femocratic and skilled worker occupations, the line goes, women render themselves incomplete. They must -‘give up† their femininity in their appropriation of male jobs and power, but men who embrace the feminine become â€Å"more complete. † (36) And if that isn’t tricky enough, the â€Å"new men† that seem to be emerging are simply unattractive. Indeed, they’re boring. Connell’s six changing heterosexual men in the environmental movement were attracted to women who were â€Å"strong, independent, active. (37) Isn’t everybody attracted by these qualities? Gay men find â€Å"new men† irritating and new men are not too sure how keen they should be on each other, and no feminist worth her salt would be seen dead with one. The ruling class: Really real men? If the significance of the concept of hegemonic masculinity is that it directs us to look for the contradictions within an autonomous gender system that will cause its transformation, then we must conclude it has failed. The challenges to hegemonic masculinity identified by its theorists and outlined above seem either to be complicit with, or broader than, the gender system that has apparently generated them. I can appreciate why Connell is practically interested in and theoretically intrigued by arguing against the notion of the externality of gender change. Both experience and theory show the impossibility of liberating a dominant group and the difficulty of constructing a movement based not on the shared interest of a group but on the attempt to dismantle that interest. † (38) (My emphasis). The key is the phrase â€Å"constructing a movement. † It is only a system which has its own dynamics that can produce the social forces necessa ry to change radically that system. But Connell himself has written that gender is part of the relations of production and has always been so. And similarly, that â€Å"social science cannot understand the state, the political economy of advanced capitalism. the nature of class, the process of modernisation or the nature of imperialism, the process of socialisation, the structure of consciousness or the politics of knowledge, without a full-blooded analysis of gender. † (39) There is nothing outside gender. To be involved in social relations is to be inextricably â€Å"inside† gender. If everything, in this sense, is within gender, why should we be worried about the exteriority of the forces for social change? Politics, economics, technology are gendered. â€Å"We have seen the invisible hand;’ someone wittier than I remarked, â€Å"It is white, hairy and manicured. † Is there, then, some place we can locate exemplars of hegemonic masculinity that are less fractured, more coherent, and thus easier to read? Where its central and defining features can be seen in sharper relief? If the public face of hegemonic masculinity is not necessarily even what powerful men are, then what are they necessarily? Why is it â€Å"no mean feat to produce the kind of people who can actually operate a capitalist system? (40) Even though the concept â€Å"hegemony† is rooted in concern with class domination, systematic knowledge of ruling class masculinity is slight as yet, but it is certainly intriguing. One aspect of ruling class hegemonic masculinity is the belief that women don’t count in big matters, and that they can be dealt with by jocular patronage in little matters. Anoth er is in defining what â€Å"big† and â€Å"little† are. Sexual politics are simply not a problem to men of the ruling class. Senior executives couldn’t function as bosses without the patriarchal household. The exercise of this form of power requires quite special conditions – conventional femininity and domestic subordination. Two-thirds of male top executives were married to housewives. The qualities of intelligence and the capacity for hard work which these women bring to marriage are matched, as friends of Anita Keating, the wife of the Prime Minister of Australia, remarked, by â€Å"intense devotion †¦ her husband and her children are her life. † Colleen Fahey, the wife of the premier of New South Wales, had completed an 18-month part-time horticulture course at her local technical college, and she wanted to continue her studies full-time. But my husband wouldn’t let met,† she said. â€Å"He said that he didn’t think it was right for a mother to have a job when she had a 13-year-old child †¦ I think if I’d put my foot down and said I’d really wanted a career, he’d have said, ‘You’re a rotten mother leavi ng those kids. † (41) The case for this sort of behaviour is simply not as compelling for working-class men, the mothers and the wives of most of whom undertake paid work as a matter of course. Success itself can amplify this need for total devotion, while lessening the chances of its fulfilment outside of the domestic realm. For the successful are likely to have difficulty establishing intimate and lasting friendships with other males because of low self-disclosure, homophobia, and cut-throat competition. The corporate world expects men to divulge little of their personal lives and to restrain personal feelings, especially affectionate ones, towards their colleagues while cultivating a certain bland affability. Within the corporate structure, â€Å"success is achieved through individual competition rather than dyadic or group bonding. The distinction between home and work is crucial and carefully maintained. For men in the corporation, friends have their place outside work. (42) While William Shawcross, the biographer of media mogul Rupert Murdoch, found him â€Å"courageous† and â€Å"charming,† others close to Murdoch described him as â€Å"arrogant,† â€Å"cocky,† â€Å"insensitive, verging on dangerous,† â€Å"utterly ruthless,† and an â€Å"efficient Visig oth. † Murdoch himself described his life as â€Å"consisting of a series of interlocking wars. Shawcross also found that Murdoch possessed â€Å"an instinctive feel for money and power and how to use them both;’ had a â€Å"relentless, unceasing drive and energy,† worked â€Å"harder and more determinedly† than anybody else, was â€Å"sure that what he was doing was correct†, â€Å"believed that he had become invincible†, and was driven by the desire â€Å"to win at all costs. † (43) And how must it feel to know that you can have whatever you want, and that throughout your life you will be looked after in every way, even to the point of never having to dress and undress yourself? Thus the view that hegemonic masculinity is hegemonic insofar as it succeeds in relation to women is true, but partial. Competitiveness, a combination of the calculative and the combative, is institutionalised in business and is central to hegemonic masculinity. The enterprise of winning is life-consuming, and this form of competitiveness is â€Å"an inward turned competitiveness, focussed on the self,† creating, in fact, an instrumentality of the personal. (44) Hegemonic masculinity is â€Å"a question of how particular groups of men inhabit positions of power and wealth, and how they legitimate and reproduce the social relationships that generate their dominance. † (45) Through hegemonic masculinity most men benefit from the control of women. For a very few men, it delivers control of other men. To put it another way, the crucial difference between hegemonic masculinity and other masculinities is not the control of women, but the control of men and the representation of this as â€Å"universal social advancement,† to paraphrase Gramsci. Patriarchal capitalism delivers the sense, before a man of whatever masculinity even climbs out of bed in the morning, that he is â€Å"better† than half of humankind. But what is the nature of the masculinity confirming not only that, but also delivering power over most men as well? And what are its attractions? A sociology of rulingclass men is long overdue. Footnotes 1. M. Waters. â€Å"Patriarchy and Viriarchy: An Exploration and Reconstruction of Concepts of Masculine Domination. † Sociology 7 (1989): 143-162. 2. A. Hochschild with A. Machung. The Second Shit: Woking parents and the Revolution at Home (New York: Viking. 989): 257. 3. M. Donaldson, Time of Our Lives: Labour and Love in the Working Class (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991). 3. R. Connell. â€Å"Theorising Gender,† Sociology, 19 (1985): 263; R. Connell, â€Å"The Wrong Stuff: Reflections on the Place of Gender in American Sociology. † in H. J. Gans, editor, Sociology in America (Newbury-Park : Sage Publications 1990), 158; R. Connell, â€Å"The State, Gender and Sexual Politics: Theory and Appraisal† , Theory and Society 19/5 (1990): 509-523. 5. Connell. â€Å"Theorising Gender,† 260. 6. R. Connell, Which Way is Up? Essays on Class, Sex and Culture (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1983), 234-276. 7. T. Carrigan, B. Connell. and J. Lee, â€Å"Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. † in H. Brod. editor. The Making of Masculinities: The New Men’s Studies (Boston:. Allen and Unwin), 75. 8. R. Connell. Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics (Sydney: Allen and Unwin. 1987), 107; Carrigan. Connell and Lee, 95. 9. Carrigan, Connell. and Lee. â€Å"Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. † 86: Connell, Which Way is Up? 185. 10. Connell, Which Way is Up; Connell. Gender and Power; R. Connell, â€Å"A Whole New World: Remaking Masculinity in the Context of the Environmental Movement,† Gender and Society 4 (1990): 352-378: R. Connell. â€Å"An Iron Man: The Body and Some Contradictions of Hegemonic Masculinity,† in M. Messner and D. Sabo, editors, Sport, Men and the Gender Order (Champaign. Ill. : Human Kinetics Books, 1990): Connell, â€Å"The State, Gender and Sexual Politics†; Carrigan, Connell and Lee, 86; R. Chapman. â€Å"The Great Pretender: Variations in the New Man Theme. † in R. Chapman and J. Rutherford. editors. .Male Order: Unwrapping Masculinity (London: Lawrence and Wishart. 1988) 9-18; C. Cockburn. â€Å"Masculinity, the Left and Feminism. † in Male Order:103–329; P. Lichterman. Making a Politics of Masculinity,† Comparative Social Research 11 (1989): 185-208; M. Messner â€Å"The Meaning of Success: The Athletic Experience and the Development of Male Identity,† in The Making of Masculinities:193-2 10; J. Rutherford. â€Å"Who’s That Man’? † in Male Order, 21-67. I I. Connell, Which Way is Up: 236, 255, 256. 12. Connell, Which Way is Up: 185,186,239. 13. Connell, â€Å"Iron Man,† 83, 94. 14. Connell, â€Å"Whole New World,† 459. 15. D. Hammond and A. Jablow, â€Å"Gilgamesh and the Sundance Kid: The Myth of Male Friendship,† in The Making of Masculinities: 256: Messner. â€Å"The Meaning of Success†, 198; Connell. Iron Man. † 87, 93: Donoghue in Connell. â€Å"Iron Man,† 84-85. 16. Carrigan, Connell, and Lee, â€Å"Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity†: Connell, Gender and Power. 17. G. Herek, â€Å"On Heterosexual Masculinity: Some Physical Consequences of the Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality,† in M. Kimmel, editor, Changing Men, New Directions on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park: Sage. 1987): 71-72; Connell. â€Å"Whole New World,† 369. 18. Carrigan, Connell and Lee, â€Å"Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity†: 93; C. Johnson and R. Johnston, â€Å"The Making of Homosexual Men. † in V. Burgmann and J. Lee, editors, Staining the Wattle. A People’s History of Australia Since 1788. (Fitzroy: McPhee Gribble/Penguin, 1988): 91; Connell, Gender and Power: 80; Carrigan, Connell and Lee: 86. 19. Carrigan, Connell, and Lee. 85; Connell. Gender and Power : 116. 20. Johnston and Johnston. â€Å"Homosexual Men. † 94: Carrigan. Connell, and Lee. 74: J. Hearn, The Gender of Oppression: Men, Masculinity and the Critique of Marxism (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1987); Connell, , Gender and Power: 60; Connell, Which Way is Up: 234. 177-178. 21. Otto in L. Ross. â€Å"Escaping the Well of Loneliness. † Staining the Wattle: 107. 22. Connell. â€Å"Whole New World,† 474-475, 477. 23, Lichterman, â€Å"Making a Politics. † 187-188, 201, 204. 24. Hochschild, Second Shift, 239: V. Seidler, â€Å"Fathering, Authority and Masculinity,† Male Order, 276; G. Russell, The Changing Role of Fathers? (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. 1983), 98. 117; Seidler, â€Å"Fathering,† 287: Hochschild, Second Shift, 249; Connell, Which Way is Up, 32. 25. Messner. â€Å"Meaning of Success,†: 201. 26. Russell, Changing Role; Hochschild, Second Shift, 2, 217, 227; C. Armitage, â€Å"House Husbands. The Problems They Face,† Sydney Morning Herald (4 July 1991): 16. 27. Seidler. Fathering,† 298, 290, 295; Russell, Changing Role, 177. 28. Bicknell, â€Å"Neville Wran: A Secret Sadness,† New Idea (May 11, 1991): 18. 29. Russell, Changing Role, 128-129, 135-136. 30, Seidler. â€Å"Fathering,† 283. 31. Hochschild, Second Shift, 218, 237; P. Stein. â€Å"Men in Families,â⠂¬  Marriage and Family Review 7 (1984): 155. 32. Hochschild, Second Shift, 216; Defrain in Stein, â€Å"Men in Families. † 156; E. Prescott, â€Å"New Men,† American Demographics 5 (1983): 19. 33. Connell. â€Å"Whole New World. † 465; Seidler, â€Å"Fathering,† 275. 31. Donaldson, Time of Our Lives, 20-29. 35. Chapman, â€Å"Great Pretender,† 212; Prescott, â€Å"New Men. 16, 20, 18. 36. Chapman, â€Å"Great Pretender,† 213. 37. Connell, â€Å"Whole New World,† 465. 38. Connell, â€Å"Whole New World,† 176. 39. Connell, Gender and Power, 15; Connell, â€Å"The Wrong Stuff,† 161. 40. Connell, Which Way is Up: 71. 41. R. Connell, Teachers’ Work (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1985). 187; Connell. Which Way is Up: 71: Hochschild, Second Shift, 255: N. Barrowblough and P. McGeough. â€Å"Woman of Mystery. The Trump Card Keating Hasn’t Played,† Sydney Morning Herald, (8 June 1991): 35. D. Cameron. â €Å"Just an Average Mrs. Premier,† Sydney Morning Herald, (28 Nov. 1992): 41. 42. M. Barrett, Women’s Oppression Today: Problems in . Marxist Feminist Analysis (London: Verso, 1980): 187-216; Messner, â€Å"Meaning of Success. † 201: R. Ochberg, â€Å"The Male Career Code and The Ideology of Role,† in The Making of Masculinities: 173. 184; Hammond and Jablow, 255-256; Illawarra Mercury, â€Å"Family Comments Greeted with Fury. † (1 December 1992): 7. 43. W. Shawcross, Rupert Murdoch, Ringmaster of the Information Circus (Sydney: Random House. 1992). 44. Carrigan. Connell. and Lee, 92; Connell, Gender and Power, 156; Connell. â€Å"Iron Man. † 91; Seidler. â€Å"Fathering,† 279. 45. Carrigan, Connell, and Lee, 92. How to cite Deviance. Topic Questions, Essay examples